Abstract: Political leaders and economists have for decades been puzzled by the paradox of Africa’s unequivocal potential for economic boom and its enigmatic slow economy and high levels of impoverishment. Despites sub-Saharan African countries’ abundant resource endowment, the economy of most of these resource wealth countries have performed abysmally. Focusing on possible trade effects that are injurious to growth such as exogenous shocks over the economy and ad hoc policies as "increased efficiency policies" some economists and political economists have argued that such actions have actually reduced the country's real income. Scholars such as Bhagwati, Johnson and Dinopoulos contend that external shocks and low policies could have dire effects on growth. However, in the case of Africa, besides the aforementioned factors, many other deep-seated factors could be identified as being potential recipes for “immiserizing growth” on the continent. besides the ‘resource curse’ factor, lack of proper economic growth structural shift and low human capacity, other factors such as regime survival, type of governance, log rolling/elitism, historical antecedents (including colonialism, and engraved agrarian economy), bad policies and conflict (resulting from exploitation of natural resources) can equally be attributable (disruptive) factors. Nevertheless, the phenomenon has not adequately been analysed in terms of the paradox of Africa’s poor social and economic welfare amidst vast accumulation of natural resources as being parallel to “immiserizing growth.” This article therefore explores the “resource abundance” and its escorting effects in the sub-Saharan African sub-region as potentially analogous to the well-known phenomenon of “immiserizing growth” in economic circles. It further makes recommendations to policy makers on ways to curb the situation.

Keywords: resource curse, immiserizing growth/wealth, Dutch Disease, elitist theory, conflict.

Title: The Paradox of Resource Abundance: Unexplored Patterns of Immiserizing Growth in Africa

Author: Isaac Nunoo

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: After the collapse of central government in 1991 Somalia did not enjoy economic and financial wellbeing. The Somali Shilling experienced vulnerability; an extreme devaluation and instability faced. The business communities preferred the use of dollar and left the national currency (So.Sh.). This paper investigated the extent of national currency vulnerability. The study found that instability of the Shilling value in recent years is the principle cause of dollarization in Somalia. The future value of So.Sh depends on how far the Central Bank of Somalia works in the monetary field. Nowadays, an idea of setting up a policy for currency reform is publicly heard, this study gives attention that market failure is inevitable if not well established and this be a big achievement if the policy succeed without economic and financial interruption.

Keywords: Somalia, Somali Shilling, Currency, Dollarization, Economy, Monetary Policy, Currency Changing.

Title: The Vulnerability of Somali Shilling, Appearance of Dollarization and the Propose to Reform Currency: A Descriptive Study of Somalia After 1991

Author: Najibullah Nor Isak

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations    

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Food security exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. It entails food availability, accessibility, utilization and stability of production systems. Worldwide, food situation is such that 75% of the people lack adequate food while 47% in Kenya and 67% in Bungoma County lack sufficient food. Bungoma County has applied various agricultural extension approaches towards poverty reduction but to little avail. Consequently, the county has an average poverty index of 3.79 %, making it necessary to look for an alternative approach. The new approach should emphasize strategies that develop agricultural innovation systems, pluralism of service providers, demand-driven and innovative public-private partnerships that would enhance land productivity and increased incomes. The overall objective of this research was to establish if adopting value chain approach would enhance maize production, marketing and consumption thus enhancing poverty reduction in Bungoma County. Specifically, it established the level of poverty in the county. The study employed cross-sectional survey, descriptive and evaluation research designs. Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling strategies were used to give a study sample size of 348 from the maize value chain smallholders. Data collection instruments included archive analysis, questionnaires, focus group discussion guides, key informant interviews and observation check list. The questionnaires were pilot tested on 100 maize value chain actors in Kanduyi Sub County. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis by Chi-Square analysis, linear regression and correlation, were used to analyse and interpret the results. The research revealed that maize value chain development was at 39% and that poverty level in the community was at 54%. The study recommended that the county should enhance development of partnerships amongst maize value chain stakeholders and development of the maize value chain for sustainable poverty reduction. Finally, the study provided additional knowledge on value chain and agribusiness development as well as groundwork knowledge for further research.

Keywords: Maize Value Chain, Poverty, Stakeholders, Partnerships.

Title: Maize Value Chain Development for Poverty Reduction in Bungoma County, Kenya

Author: Caroline Netia A. Kamau, Samuel S. China, Humphrey Wanjala Nyongesa

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations    

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Donkeys in Botswana are mainly used for draught power and very few people eat their meat and drink their milk. The aim of this paper was to review population, uses, health and management of donkeys in Botswana. Furthermore, alternative uses that should be explored to promote and make donkeys of more socio-economic importance to the resource poor farmers in the country are discussed. Donkey population has been increasing although there were some fluctuations in other years. It stood at 493 000 in 2003 and it was 310 000 in 2013. The donkeys are mainly used for draught power, namely: ploughing, cart pulling to transport fire wood, crop harvests and water in cattle posts. They are not a source of direct income. Donkeys do not easily succumb to diseases and parasites, therefore, most farmers are ignorant of diseases affecting donkeys in Botswana. The management of donkeys in Botswana is mainly characterised by limited supplementary feeding, poor housing and lack of veterinary care. The donkey industry could be promoted to contribute to food security and national economy through dairy farming, meat and hides exports to other countries. Such promotion could increase the value of donkeys in Botswana.

Keywords: Key word: Botswana, donkey, draft power, management, meat, milk, uses.

Title: Donkeys: A Neglected and Underutilised Genetic Resource in Botswana

Author: Ketshephaone Thutwa, Shalaulani J. Nsoso

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study assessed the contribution of non-farm income to household food security in Makurdi Local Government area, Benue State of Nigeria. This is with view to analyzed   household factors that influence food security. Purposive and simple random samplings were used to collect data from 110 household head in the study area using a well structure questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, food security index, logit regression model and Wald test were used to analyze the data collected. Analysis of the non-farm income activities embarked upon by household identifies that almost all the respondents were engaged in business center (29). The study revealed that age of household head (0.114), income of the household head (0.0001) and numbers of non-farm activities (1.005) were positive and significant influencing households’ food security. Furthermore, 77.1% of the respondents were found to be food secured while 22.9 % were not food secured. Household with non-farm income activities were found to be more food secured (80.4%) than household with no non-farm income activities (28.5%). The study recommends that the household should diversify production into other non-farm activities to earn more and increase their food security status.

Keywords: household, non-farm income, food security.

Title: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF NON-FARM INCOME TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN MAKURDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

Author: J. A. C EZIHE, GAMBA VANDI, Iornyor Chelsea Hembadoon

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The main objective of this study was to establish the influence of research and development on performance of fish farming economic stimulus projects in Kenya. The study adopted a mixed methodology approach where both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. This target population was spread in the twelve sub-counties of Kiambu County. They were chosen according to their roles, profession and activities in fish farming enterprise. Quota sampling method was used to help specify the target group by dividing into the above listed groups. Primary data was gathered by use of a semi structured questionnaire and captured through 5-point type Likert scale with close-ended questions. The researcher used self-introduction letters, codes and delivered the questionnaires to the respondents and then made use research assistants who followed up on c,ompleted questionnaires. The researcher also followed up the progress through meetings, telephone calls and emails. Data was presented in forms of tables, bar graphs and pie charts. Most of the respondents agreed that there were available simple manuals, brochures on fish health and nutrition.

Keywords: Research, Development, Fish Farming, Performance.

Title: Influence of Research and Development on Performance of Fish Farming Economic Stimulus Projects in Kenya

Author: Benard Kiongera Kamau, Dr. Jane Omwenga

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations    

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of risk the effect of risk mitigating strategy on performance of women funded projects in Meru county, Kenya. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The study primary data was gathered from respondents using a semi structured closed questionnaire instrument with an adopted Likert scale of 1-5. The target population was more than 1000. Quota sampling method was used to help identify the target group by dividing into groups. Convenience sampling was used to select the Women projects representatives, and Project managers, committee members, Monitoring and Evaluation officers, Government officers, Funding agencies. A total of 100 participants were therefore chosen from the listed groups. The respondents were women funds committee members, project managers, monitoring and evaluation officers, relevant government officers and the agencies funding the women projects in Meru county through identical self-administered questionnaire designed accordingly. Quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics Qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis which in turn was analyzed through data themes, patterns and subtopics. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the relationship among independent variables and dependent variable. Data was presented using tables, graphs, charts and narrative forms. The study established that risk mitigation affects project performance to a great extent.

Keywords: Risk Mitigation, Strategy, Performance, and Women Funds.

Title: EFFECT OF RISK MITIGATING STRATEGY ON PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN FUNDED PROJECTS IN MERU COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Harriet Karambu Murungi, Dr. Jane Omwenga

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations    

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This analytical study was conducted at Khartoum and Khartoum North (Bahri) to assess the ground water quality. Bacteriological, Coliform -Thermotolerant coliform and E.coli.  197 samples were collected for the bacteriological analysis distributed , samples from boreholes – samples after storage and samples from water distributed by vendors from boreholes not distributed by direct network , other samples taken from houses.at the interval from August 2006 to March 2007. The calculation of samples according to( 1 ) samples per (10000) population, plus 10 additional samples (W.H.O 1993). The samples were taken in 250 ml tubes (analysis for Coliform – Thermotolerant coliform and E.coli). All 100% of boreholes not served with direct network in Khartoum were not polluted , 50% of samples taken from water towers were polluted , 11.1%of samples taken from water distributed by vendors were polluted , 81.6% of samples taken from houses not distributed by direct network were polluted. 25% of samples from boreholes distributed with direct network in Khartoum were polluted, 20% of samples taken from water towers were polluted , 34.2% of samples taken from houses distributed by direct network were polluted . All 100% of  boreholes not distributed by direct network in Bahri were safe  , and 100% of samples taken from water towers were polluted , and also100% of samples taken from water vendors were polluted , 82.1% of samples taken from houses not distributed by direct network were polluted. 9.1% of boreholes distributed by direct network in Bahri is polluted , 16.7% of samples taken from water towers were polluted, 27.3% of samples collection from houses distributed by direct network were polluted .

Time and Place Limitation: This study was carried out during August 2006 to March 2007 at Khartoum and Khartoum North (Bahri).

Constrains:  The  natural  constrains  (Winds,  rains  and  floods  which  affect in samples reading).

Keywords: (Coliform – Thermotolerant – E.coli - Boreholes).

Title: Assessment of Bacteriological Ground Water Quality in Khartoum and Khartoum North - Sudan

Author: Dr.Hamza Abdullah Mohammed, Dr.Ali Ibrahim Elamin

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations    

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Agriculture sector has a very important impact in development of the countries especially for Low developed countries.  The main objective of this research was to assess the contribution of contract farming in improving socio-economic development of rural farmers in Rwanda, case study of UCOCUAN (cooperative union) pineapple growers in Ngoma District. A sample size of 63 respondents to be employed for the identified target population was scientifically computed. Linear and OLS models have been used to estimate a relationship between dependent variable and independents variables. The methods of analysis used were descriptive statistics and regression analysis to estimate the parameters of the agricultural mobile services function through SPSS (16.0) and STATA (13.0) software. The result of the regression analysis indicated that assess the contribution of contract farming in improving socio-economic development of rural farmers in Rwanda is statistically significant.   A p-value of 0.0000 tells us that our model as a whole fits significantly better than an empty model. Based on theses objectives, the first hypothesis indicated that there was a significant contribution of contract farming on sustainable production of pineapples in the  improvement of socio-economic development  of pineapple growers in Rwanda a case study of Ngoma district at 1% level and 5 % level respectively where  (p-values <0.05). According to the findings of the model, the factors (such as X1, X2, X3, and x4,) have significantly contributed to high market profit of pineapple production in study area. The results indicated that contract farming has been contributed significantly to Payment of school fees(x1), payment of medical insurance(x2), installation of water/ electricity(x4), money saving(x5), and buying other foods at a 1% level. According to the findings of the model, the second hypothesis indicated the contract farming has significantly contributed to different independent variables such as(x1, x2, x4, x5, and X7,). However, the contract farming has more contribution on farmers’ user than no users.  An increase in number of contract farming for farmer for sure the pineapple production will be sustained in Rwanda especially in the rural areas of Ngoma district.

Keywords: contribution, farming, Agriculture, pineapple growers.

Title: THE CONTRIBUTION OF CONTRACT FARMING IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF PINEAPPLE PRODUCTION IN RWANDA: CASE STUDY OF UCOCUAN IN NGOMA DISTRICT

Author: NTEZIMANA MUSERUKA Joseph, Dr Peter Mbabazi, Dr. Jaya Shukla

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper came to extract profile correlation between agricultural extension and agricultural research centers and an audience of farmers as the ultimate beneficiary of this relationship, this paper aims mainly to know the role played in this extension says the correlation, and honest and expressive results you may set off scientific study methodology is focused on description and analysis of environmental factors to forbid carrying correlation, given the importance of the subject of the positive indicative contact adopted a policy of persuasion and guidance Bender away from coercion to achieve agricultural development, so were the main recommendations Study of activating the role of agricultural extension and closer correlation with scientific research centers h any nine farmers, on the other hand, train staff and giving them more autonomy and freedom to participate in decision making and problem solving scientific paper search results showed farm that there is a gap between the management of agricultural extension and farmers and agricultural extension research bride Meanwhile administrative instability due says his greatest impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of agricultural extension, an important point is that categories Age group of farmers that 60-year-olds to 80 years and are mostly illiterate emotional illiterate, emotional responding to tips and advice for your extension.

Keywords: Farmers, Extension Agriculture, Agricultural research Centre.

Title: Reciprocity Relationship between Agricultural Extension, Agricultural Research Centres and Farmers' Audience

Author: Saad. S. Faraj MADI, Prof. Dr. Yasar AKTAS

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations    

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a procedure where the female genitals are intentionally cut, remove or changed, without any medical reason but to fulfill some of the cultural or traditional practices that marks female rite of passage into womanhood. These traditional reasons are considered as the primary factor behind FGM for most of the African societies.

The study focuses on the role of the county government in the efforts to eradicate FGM in Samburu County. Research study was conducted among the people living in Wamba Sub-County of Samburu, where this practice is commonly carried out. In executing this study, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Qualitative methods used included individual interviews; key informant interviews; telephone interviews and focus group discussions. Secondary data was also used in this study.

The findings of the study shows that, though a number of residents in the area still espouse FGM, County government have played a key role in fighting the vice. According to this research, those who still support the practice are motivated by conservatives nature of their tradition.

Despite this force of tradition, there are various efforts that are being employed by the county government in support of a section of the community leaders to eliminate the vice.

Well-coordinated efforts by the county and the local community doesn’t mean the FGM has already eradicated, members of the community are still holding into the practice.

Keywords: Devolution Mitigating, Genital Mutilation.

Title: Role of Devolution in Mitigating Female Genital Mutilation: A case of Samburu County

Author: Sarah C. Lesiamito, Dr. Kepha Ombui

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations   

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera Lynn.) are cheap fruits but has high nutritional potentials. They are highly cultivated by Arab countries. They possess high economic value in Middle Eastern countries. They also contain therapeutic effects like anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects etc., they contain several stages in ripening. Natural ripening in trees causes a number of physical and chemical changes in it. So, due to high water content, they are easily affected by insects, bacteria and fungi. So the post-harvest handling methods should be strictly followed to prolong the shelf life of date fruits.

Keywords: Date Fruits, Physical Characteristics, Nutritional Values, Microbial Characteristics, Beneficial Uses.

Title: Dates Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera. Lynn): A Short Review

Author: Ragava Santhosh.C, Vijayalakshmi. R, Loganathan. M

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Field research was implemented in 2016 A.D just to identify the role which agricultural extension plays for protection of environment in Qasser Ben Gashir, southern suburb of Tripoli- Libya which is known of its climatic circumstances specifically appropriate for agriculture and other activities in general, but environmental pollution feature will not keep component of this area as it was.

Economic and environmental loss will reflect its impact in the society as a whole an account of mis-management of surrounding environment. Results of the research, obviously shed light on the some and represent a warning for environment.

Keywords: Environmental Pollution, Environment, Insecticides, Biology, Agricultural Extension.

Title: The Role Played By Agricultural Extension for Protecting Environment from Pollution

Author: Saad S. Faraj Madi, Aysen Olgun

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations   

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper was born out of fear and anger. Anger over the corruption rate in Africa which brought about economic recession in most of the African countries today, Nigeria inclusive Fear over the lives of our future generation which could one day be mortgaged due to corruption and bad governance. In the light of the above, this paper therefore examined the extent to which agricultural inputs were diverted from the poor to the rich for the sake of self-enrichment by the government officials and its impact on agricultural production. Analytical approach was employed in this research to discuss politics, corruption forms and manifestation of corruption in Nigeria; detrimental effects of corruption and politics on agriculture, and the lasting solution for a foreseen problem. This study therefore recommended that our political system should be restructured and rebuilt for the betterment of the lives of everyone living in the country.

Keywords: Political Diversification, Corruption and Agricultural dwindling.

Title: Political Diversifications, Corruptions and Agricultural Dwindling in Nigeria: A Paradigm Shift in Agricultural Sectors

Author: J.C. Udemezue, E.O. Oforle, V.C. Maduekwe

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The survey was conducted in Benue State, Nigeria to assess challenges faced by rural youths in family farming. Questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of eighty (80) respondents. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean score and standard deviation as well as inferential statistics which include factor analysis were used in analyzing data for the study. Results indicate that a greater percentage (75.00%) of the respondents were males, about 98.90% had formal education in school with majority (87.50%) belonging to no formal organization, having a mean farming experience of about 11 years. Major challenges faced by rural youths in family farming were low prices of farm produce (M = 1.69), irregular and untimely supply of farm inputs such as fertilizer, improved seeds, etc (M = 1.61), lack of access to sufficient land for farming (M =1.58), high cost of labour saving technologies (M = 1.55), poor agricultural extension agent-farmer contact (M = 1.55), lack of incentives from government to encourage poor farmers (M = 1.53), among others. The study recommends that rural youths should be encouraged to remain in agriculture through adequate and timely provision of farm inputs such as fertilizer, agro-chemicals, improved varieties of crops as well as labour saving technologies in order to boost productivity. It also highlights that adequate provision of agricultural extension services to the rural youths in family farms remains paramount in order to have access to improved technologies that will enhance greater output thus increasing household income which improves standard of living.

Keywords: Challenges, rural, youths, family, farming, Nigeria.

Title: Assessment of Challenges Faced By Rural Youths in Family Farming in Benue State, Nigeria: Issues for Consideration

Author: Mbah, E.N., Ezeano, C.I., Onwusika, A.I.

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations   

ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online)

Research Publish Journals