Vol 2 Issue 1 April 2014-September 2014

Abstract: This paper gives a general description of passive cooling system of building by using ground as a heat exchanger. The temperature of earth below 1 m depth from ground surface does not have sudden change due to variation in temperature on ground surface. These daily variations are effective up to a depth of 0.5 meter approximately from ground. Beyond 0.5m (approximately) this variations are less effective because of high thermal inertia of soil. By considering these effects of earth temperature the building may be ventilated naturally and can maintain a comfortable climate in it. In previous case studies the air circulation is worked out by providing PVC pipe line around the building and through this pipe air is collected and circulated in the building for passive cooling. The temperature difference between atmospheric outer temperature and inner temperature which would be observed that is from 1.5^o C to 2.5 ^o C. This project utilizes less area and results in more fruitful outcomes with respect to passive cooling.    

Keywords: Passive Cooling; water; air heat exchanger; PVC pipes; ground cooling.

Title: Application of Geothermal Cooling Techniques to Improve Thermal Conditions of a Residential Building

Author: Mr. Sanjay N. Mali, Dr. Ashok B. More, Mr. D. S. patil

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: This paper describes a technique for computing optimal upper bound slopes stability factors based upon the Linear Matching Method. The method assumes a perfectly plastic material which obeys the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and its associated flow rule and involves the sequential matching of an appropriate linear material to the yield function. The basic concepts are described and the convergence of this method is guaranteed whether the real material is matched to a compressible or incompressible linear material. The process converges to the least upper bound associated with the class of displacement fields when implemented in a finite element method. Comparison with published solutions illustrates the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed method for a simple homogeneous slope stability problem.

Keyword: Slope stability, Limit analysis, Linear Matching Method, Finite Element Analysis, Associated flow rule.

Title: Slope Stability Analysis Based upon the Linear Matching Method

Author: Mostapha Boulbibane, Alan R.S. Ponter

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Progressive collapse is a chain reaction of failures that propagates either throughout or a portion of the structure disproportionate to the original local failure. The progressive collapse of building structure is initiated when one or more vertical load carrying members are removed. Once a column is removed or made weak, due to man-made or natural hazards, load carried by column removed is transferred to neighbouring columns in the structure, if the neighbouring column is incapable of withstanding the extra load, leads to the progressive failure of adjoining members and finally to the failure of partial or whole structure. The collapsing system continually seeks alternative load paths in order to survive. One of the important characteristics of progressive collapse is that the final damage is not proportional to the initial damage. The research material available for progressive collapse failure of structures suggests that buildings designed to resist seismic actions have good robustness against progressive collapse. However, no detailed investigations have been conducted so far to assess this robustness. Hence this study is made to examine the potential ability of seismically designed building against progressive collapse.

A twelve storey reinforced concrete framed structure was considered in the study to evaluate the Demand Capacity Ratio (DCR), the ratio of the member force and the member strength as per U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) guidelines. The Linear static analysis is carried out using software, ETABS according to Indian Standard codes. Analysis and design is carried out to get the final output of design details. To study the collapse, typical columns are removed one at a time, and continued with analysis and design. Many such columns are removed in different trials to know the effects of progressive analysis. Member forces and reinforcement details are calculated. From the analysis, DCR values of columns and beams are calculated.

Keywords:  Progressive Collapse, Demand Capacity ratio (DCR), U. S. General services administration (GSA) Guidelines, ETABS.

Title: Progressive Collapse Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Framed Structure

Author: Raghavendra C, Mr. Pradeep A R

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: As compared to reinforced concrete structures, steel has got some important properties like high strength and ductility. We know that steel is ductile so it gives warning before failures. All these properties of steel will play very important role in case of seismic and wind resistant design, there are many types of frame such as rigid frame, semi rigid frames and simple frames among these we have taken rigid frames for this case study. The rigid frames are the frames in which the angle between the members doesn’t changes even after the loading and the beam-column connections are moment resisting connections which means do not allow any relative rotations at the joints of the members. Bracing is required to provide lateral stability of the frame. In this project five models are created in which one is without bracing structure and four models with different bracing structures and an attempt is made to analyze the response buildings with and without bracings systems subjected to seismic load and wind load using ETABS and to identify the suitability of the bracing systems to resist the lateral loads efficiently, here  the steel considerations like sectional properties, loads and load combinations as per IS 800:2002. The main parameters consider in the present study is to compare the seismic and wind performance of buildings are base shear, roof displacement. The models are analyze by equivalent static analysis as per IS 1893:2002. Effect of Wind Loads on the Structural Systems are analyzed and compared as per IS 875 (part 3). Based on the results and discussions we can conclude that for highly affected earthquake zone-IV and for different wind speed 50m/s, therefore the structure having X- type Bracings are highly effective type of bracing style.

Keywords: Rigid frames, Bracings, seismic and Base shear

Title: Stability analysis of rigid steel frames with and without bracing systems under the effect of seismic and wind loads

Author: Hussain Imran K.M, Mrs.Sowjanya G.V

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: The structural action of a beam is predominantly bending, with other effects such as shear, bearing and buckling also being presented. Due to the more application of corrugated section in steel design, this paper develops a three-dimensional finite element model using SAP2000 to investigate the effects of web corrugation on bending behavior of corrugated web profile (CWEB) steel sections. A corrugated web profile (CWEB) steel section is a built-up steel section made up of two flanges connected to a web plate of triangular profile. Thin shell element was chosen to represent the element type of the model. Three models were used for analysis one of flat web (FW) and two sizes of CWEB of different corrugation angle. Design is done based on IS: 800-2007(LSM). Loads considered in modeling are Dead load, Live load Wind load and Earthquake load along with the combination as specified in IS. Response spectrum analysis and time history analysis are carried out for zone 5, structural parameters like self weight, vertical deflection, lateral deflection and design forces results are compared for all the models.

Keywords: Finite Element Model; Bending; corrugated Web Profile

Title: Behaviour of Plate Girder With Flat Web And Corrugated Web

Author: Sachin K.G, Mrs.Sowjanya G.V, Mr. Muralidhar N

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Collapse of concrete buildings has elicited various researches on the quality of construction materials. Fine aggregates such as sand used in concrete production may contain excessive silt and clayey contents as well as organic impurities that impact negatively on the quality of hardened concrete. The objective of this research was to establish level of silt and clay content and organic impurities in building sand and its effect on bond strength of concrete. This paper presents the findings on the quality of building sand as sourced from eight supply points in Nairobi City County and its environs and the effects of sand impurities on the bond strength of concrete through the pull out test method to assess contribution of these impurities to the frequent collapse of buildings occurring in Kenya. Sieve analysis, specific gravity test, testing for silt and clay content  and organic impurities were carried out as detailed in BSS 882, IS and ASTM standards. In casting of concrete specimens, the quality of cement, course aggregates (crushed stones), water and reinforcement bar were held constant while sand with varying level impurities and varying sources. The results showed that 86.2% and 50% of tested samples exceeded the allowable limits for silt and clay content and organic content respectively. It was observed that bond strength between concrete and reinforcement bars decreased with increase in silt and clay content while it increased and then decreased with increase in organic impurities. Predictive regression equations were generated showing development of bond strength with varying levels of silt and clay, and organic impurities of building sand respectively. It is concluded that presence of these impurities in sand decreases the bond strength between concrete and reinforcement bars hence play a role in lowering the structural integrity of buildings.  The research established that particle sizes, shape, texture and workability play an important role in determination of compressive strength of concrete.

Keywords: sand quality, silt and clay content, organic impurities, pull out force, bond strength, buildings failure.

Title: EFFECTS OF SAND QUALITY ON BOND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE: A CASE STUDY IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY AND ITS ENVIRONS, KENYA

Author: H. N. Ngugi, R. N. Mutuku, Z. A. Gariy

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: The response of a structure during an earthquake depends not only on the structure itself but also on the characteristics of the ground motion and the subsoil conditions. The actual behavior of the structure under seismic load may significantly differ from what the analysis provides considering the structure to be fixed at base. Particularly for soft soils, the foundation input motion during the earthquake differs from the free-field ground motion that may exist in the absence of the structure. These interaction effects lead to dynamic responses that may differ considerably in amplitude and frequency content from that obtained, when a fixed support is assumed. The present study focuses on the quantification of the effect of soil flexibility on the most important design variables in the seismic response of chimney structures with raft footing. For the analysis RC Chimney models are considered and the soil beneath the structure is modelled using both linear elastic soil models to represent the behavior of the soil. The soil structure interface is modelled with tied surface to surface contact. The time history analysis of the soil-structure model was carried out using the general FEM software SAP 2000 for ground motions BHUJ. Based on the analysis results, it has been concluded that the effect of soil-structure interaction plays a significant role to decrease the natural frequency, raft displacement, radial and tangential moments in annular raft.

Keywords: Dynamic soil-structure interaction; seismic response; finite element method; SAP 2000; natural frequency

Title: Soil Structure Interaction effect on 200m tall industrial chimney under seismic load

Author: Ganesh Kumar T., Shruthi H.K

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Loss of labor productivity is one of the most prevalent types of damages found in construction claims and also one of the most difficult to compute and prove. Construction projects are heavily labor based along with the materials and equipments. Therefore, the utmost attention has to be given to handle the effective labor productivity. When the expected labor productivity is adversely affected, there is an immediate impact upon the time required to carry out the affected tasks with a consequent impact, which may be substantial, upon the costs of the operations. A contractor’s difficulty arises from the need to demonstrate the labor productivity coefficients used for the bid / contract price and the impact upon these productivity coefficients of the external influencing events. Once this is demonstrated, the contractor must also prove that the external influence entitles him to claim the costs of the loss of productivity. Many projects are not completed on scheduled time and within the budget cost. There are some circumstances where the project exceeds the budget and is not delivered on time due to the various factors affecting labor productivity. This thesis exhibits the various types of factors that are affecting labor productivity. The project manager should be aware of various factors which could affect directly or indirectly the labor productivity at construction sites and then identify the ways to control loss of labor productivity or improve the labor efficiency by using the various methods of motivation for the employees. During the execution of the contract, a project may get many changes affecting labor productivity such as additional works to the original contract, modification works and re-works. Hence, the project manager should clearly identify such changes and notify them to the Quantity Surveyors or Cost Engineers, in order to decide whether to claim the costs of the changes done or whether to absorb the cost if it is a re-work. This thesis also exhibits the various methods of calculating the loss of productivity which can be used to support a claim for non-productive labor hours due to an owner caused delay.

Keywords: Labor Productivity.

Title: CONTROL THE LOSS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY

Author: SYED ALI DILAWER

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: The rapid rate of growth in population of India has forced the construction industry to use the building materials at a rapid rate, resulting in depletion of natural resources and also has a severe impact on the environment causing many hazards. Due to rapid growth and production, vast quantities of waste are generated in India. This thesis work is focused on making an effort to use copper slag which is an industrial by-product of Sterlite Industries Ltd (SIL), Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India. An experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of replacing fine aggregate by copper slag and steel fibre as an additive on mechanical properties of concrete. The whole study was done in two phases. In the first phase the feasibility of copper slag as fine aggregate was checked by preparing concrete mix of M30 grade and studying the effect of copper slag on mechanical properties of concrete. Optimum replacement percentage of copper slag was obtained as 40%. In the second phase, the properties of concrete with optimum copper slag content and various percentage of steel fibre was studied. The steel fibre reinforcement was varied from 0.50%-1.75% by weight of cement. The two types of steel fibres used are crimped fibre and hooked end fibre. The results showed that the compression strength is highest for 1% steel fibre addition for both hooked end and crimped fibre. The concrete containing the hooked end fibre shows more compressive, tensile and flexural strength compared to concrete containing crimped end fibre.

Keyword: Copper slag, sand replacement, steel fibres, hooked end fibre, crimped fibre, aspect ratio, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength.

Title: STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY COPPER SLAG

Author: Vimarsh S.P, Basavana Gowda S.N, Dr. Ramesh B.R

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Many countries are witnessing a rapid growth in construction industry which involves use of natural resources for the development of infrastructure. This growth poses a threat to natural resources that are available. Copper slag is considered as waste material and can be used as replacement of fine aggregates. M30 grade of concrete mix with water-cement ratio of 0.45 is used to determine the various mechanical properties. This research work mainly consist of two parts, in the first part, substitution of natural sand partially by copper slag in concrete is done with replacement of 0%, 35%, 40% and 45%. The optimum value obtained for 40% replacement of copper slag. The 28 days average compression strength was observed to increase by about 0.45% - 23.6%, split tensile strength by 16.61% - 34.98% and flexural strength of concrete by 27.78% - 38.89% when compared with control mix.  In the second part, the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with optimum copper slag content is studied. The reinforcement is varied from 0.62% - 0.89% in the flexure zone and the parameters like deflection, surface strain, cracking load, ultimate load and crack width of reinforced concrete beams was experimentally noted and compared with theoretical values as per code is: 456-2000.

Keywords: copper slag, workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, deflection, surface strain, crack width, cracking moment, ultimate moment.

Title: Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams by Replacing Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate

Author: Deepak Gowda. B, Dr. H. B. Balakrishna

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Sustainability and resource efficiency are becoming increasing important issues within today’s construction industry. This paper is mainly focused on making an effort to use LD Slag which is an industrial waste by-product of Steel industry. An experimental investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of replacing fine aggregate by LD Slag on mechanical properties of concrete and on flexural behaviour of RCC beams. Fine aggregate (sand) was replaced with six percentages (15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 80% and 100%) of LD Slag by volume in M40 grade of concrete with water-cement ratio (w/c) 0.4. The test results indicated that fine aggregate replacement using 45 percent LD Slag showed a better performance compared to control mix. The concrete mix with 45% of LD Slag was considered to cast the reinforced concrete beams. The beams casted were tested for flexure, under two point loading condition. Different structural parameters were investigated.

Keyword: LD Slag, Mechanical properties and Flexural behavior of RCC beams.

Title: A STUDY ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM BY REPLACEMENT OF LINZ-DONAWITZ (LD) SLAG AS FINE AGGREGATE

Author: Naveen.N, K. V. Maheshchandra

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: the frequent occurrence of earthquakes around the world has heightened the need for studying the seismic performance of existing structures according to code of practice. This concept has become an urgent issue in egypt especially after hitting a dramatic earthquake to cairo in 1992. The objective of this research is to assess the seismic performance of an existing shear wall residential building located in cairo. Both dynamic response spectrum (rs) and equivalent static force (esf) methods are used in the seismic analysis. The design rs curve suggested by the egyptian code (ec) for seismic design is utilized to perform the dynamic analysis. The response analysis of the building under the acting seismic loads has been performed using etabs, universal finite element analysis software for dynamic analysis. The entire work has been carried out in two stages in order to rescale the dynamic base shear. In the first stage, the built three dimensional building model has been subjected to the static and dynamic earthquake loading following egyptian code guidelines and hence the obtained static and dynamic base shear are compared. The second stage is concerned with scaling the obtained dynamic base shear and reloading the model as the first stage. The considered responses are expressed in terms of floor displacements, shear forces at each floor level, base shear and base moment. Moreover, results from numerical simulations, for storey torsional irregularity ratios are presented for the considered static and dynamic analysis methods. The results of the study show significant differences in building's responses obtained using esf and rs analysis methods. It has been found that the application of static method in a specified direction results in responses in the same direction. However, the applications of dynamic rs method induces response in both directions regardless the direction of loading.

Keywords: Equivalent static force, response spectrum, base shear, Egyptian code.

Title: Response Analysis of Multi-Storey RC Buildings under Equivalent Static and Dynamic Loads According to Egyptian Code,

Author: Sayed Mahmoud, Waleed Abdallah

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: A lack of potable water, an integral constituent of concrete has resulted in search for possible alternatives. While almost any natural water that is drinkable and has no pronounced taste or odour may be used as mixing water for concrete, the rising cost of such water has prompted many researchers to experiment with salt water in concrete. The principal considerations on the quality of mixing water are those related to workability, compressive strength and durability. This project involves finding the effect of saline water in the mix, on the compressive strength of concrete.

Keywords:  Saline Water, Compressive Strength of Concrete.

Title: Study of Compressive Strength of Concrete made using Saline Water

Author: G Sai Teja,  Amar.B.P,  Neethu.R.Manoj,  Venkatesh E, Prathyusha Tenepalli

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

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Abstract: The utilization of industrial waste produced by industrial processes has been focus of waste reduction research for economical, environmental and technical reasons. GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) and GBF Slag Sand is one such waste product of the iron manufacturing industry, whose use and production has increased many folds during last decades is used in this experimental work as alternative binder and filler materials for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and River Sand respectively in concrete. M40 grades of concrete was considered for a water content (w/c) 0.4 and slag sand replaced 40% with river sand and GGBS replacements of 0%, 30%, 40%, 50% with cement to investigate the properties of compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength of concrete mix. The strength of cube specimens varied from 39.25N/mm² to 44.45 N/mm². The marginal strength of concrete mix (41.14N/mm²) having 40% slag sand and 40% GGBS replacement was considered to cast the reinforced concrete beams. The beams casted were tested for flexure, under two point loading condition. Different structural parameters were investigated.

Keywords: GBFS sand, GGBS, Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength of RCC beams.

Title: Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Replacing GGBS as Cement and Slag Sand as Fine Aggregate

Author: Sagar Patel, Dr. H. B. Balakrishna

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: In Building construction, the requirement of energy is large. It is in various forms. Materials which are required for construction, there manufacturing, transportation, actual use in construction and after construction, large amount of energy utilized. That form of energy is called as Embodied Energy. Secondly, there is good trend to use various green building materials in building construction. It will definitely helpful to make our building as Green Building. Production of Green material generally involves these types of material which are conventional, recyclable, waste products. Researchers are always trying to produce new building material, keeping various mix proportions, various conventional and non conventional in gradients and taking all appropriate tests on them and conclude that this material suitable for construction work. But no one is tried to calculate their embodied energy along with all tests. So this paper is focused on Embodied Energy Calculations of various Building materials which given by various researchers along with their research paper.

Keywords: Materials, Green Building, Embodied Energy, Mix Proportions.

Title: Low Energy Green Materials by Embodied Energy Analysis

Author: Rohit Deshmukh, Ashok More

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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