Vol 6 Issue 1 April 2018-September 2018

Abstract: Concrete structures that deteriorate throughout the world have become a major problem, so the cost of repair and rehabilitation due to these deteriorate has become a major concern to engineers and researchers. One of the preferable solutions of repair is to use fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) rebar in concrete. Although there are many researchers who covered different subjects of concrete reinforced with GFRP-bars, there are few researchers which are concerned with concrete solid plates reinforced using GFRP-bars. FRP is a composite made of reinforcement imbedded in a plastic (polymer) matrix. Physical and mechanical properties of FRP depend mainly on the type of fibers and resins used to form the composite. Such differences arise from the interaction mechanism between FRP reinforcement bars and concrete element. Although there are many researchers who covered different subjects of concrete slabs reinforced with GFRP-bars, there are few researchers which are concerned with concrete slabs which are reinforced with GFRP-bars.In this study a finite element program executed on seventy solid slabs specimen reinforced by steel and GFRP rebar (one way and two way slabs) with different rectangularity ratio, this research studies the flexure behavior of slabs through the following parameters:

a-  Type of load as single line load, two lines load and uniform loads.

b-  Types of reinforcement rebar as steel and GFRP rebar.

c-   Rectangularity ratio of slab as one way and two way slabs

d-  Reinforcement ratio.

Keywords: Solid plates, Flexure strength, GFRP rebar, Crack pattern.

Title: FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF CONCRETE SOLID SLABS REINFORCED USING G.F.R.P. REBAR

Author: Nasr Z. Hassan, Mirhan W. Adly

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Saving money and, at the same time, providing better value is a concept that everyone can support. The benefits of spreading our invested rupee, building more for less money, increasing efficiency and cutting down our dependency on energy-intensive buildings and plant facilities need to be recognized today and pursued in the future. Value Engineering (VE) is not just “good engineering”, it is not a suggestion program or a routine plan review, but it is a new, fresh look at problems starting from basic functional requirements – an independent approach to the project. Keeping the costs low with traditional cost management has been a commonly applied measure to improve competitiveness. However, keeping cost down alone is not enough; there is an increasing need for not just efficiency but also for effectiveness. No matter how efficiently a product or service is provided, it will not be successful unless it is wanted, i.e. it is effective. VE is thus arguably of greater importance than cost management efforts. It is committed with the lowest life cycle cost and reliable completion of the functions required by the user. Finally analyzes the application of value engineering in various stages of lifecycle in construction projects.

Keywords: Value Engineering, life cycle.

Title: A NOVEL HYBRID ARCHITECTURE FOR BUILDINGS BY IMPARTING VALUE ENGINEERING

Author: A. Sundararajan

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: During the last four decades, glass fiber reinforced concrete has increasingly been used in structural applications. It is generally accepted that the addition of glass fibers significantly increases tensile toughness and ductility, also slightly enhances the compressive strength. Several studies have reported previously the favorable attributes of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) on compression, tension and shear behavior. As the models proposed so far can, at best, describe only a few aspect of the GFRC with a given type and amount of fibers, establishing simple and accurate, generalized equations to describe the behavior of the GFRC in tension, compression and shear that take into account the fiber type and content is essential compression and shear that take into account the fiber type and content is essential. This research investigated the shear behavior of GFRC and to formulate ageneralize model for the ultimate shear strength of GFRC. Effect of the fiber volume fraction on the shear response of GFRC with optimum glass fiber content has been studied. Four different volume contents ranging from 0% to1.5% was used in the test specimens. Direct shear tests were conducted and finally, an equation model was proposed to predict the ultimate shear strength of  SFRC in terms of glass fiber content.

Keywords: glass fiber; discrete GFRC, high strength concrete.

Title: BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE R.C. BEAMS MIXED WITH DISCRETE GLASS FIBER

Author: Dr. MoustafaOsman, Dr. Magdy M, AYMAN.A. EL-ASHHAB.

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: With the Flint water crisis in Michigan, people concern more about the lead in the drinking water. Lead is a dangerous water toxin that the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets its Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) to be zero to prevent adverse health effects from lead poisoning. According to USEPA, buildings built before 1986 are likely to contain a lead piping system and drinking water running through those pipes may contain some level of lead. Also, worrisome level of lead was found from drinking water in public schools from US states (e.g. New York) due to the old piping system and insufficient maintenance on existing drinking water supply systems. A research team from a local Texas university measured lead in the school water fountains based on the facts that some buildings on campus are built before 1986 and year-long hot weather condition may accelerate lead leaching into the water pipelines thus resulting in higher lead level in drinking water. Test results showed that none of the water samples contained lead level greater than 15 ppb (or 15 μg/L), a Maximum Contaminant Level of lead action level in the drinking water set by USEPA. However, lead monitoring at other Texas public schools is warranted to protect Texas young citizens from lead poisoning from the drinking water.

Keywords: Lead in drinking water, old buildings, Texas public schools, water supply pipes.

Title: Lead in Drinking Water at a South Texas University

Author: Alejandro Pena Silva, Gerardo Flores, Adam Flores, Jongmin Kim

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: This paper presents a procedure to optimize the design of circular cellular cofferdam structures using genetic algorithms. The design of the cellular cofferdam structures is usually done using a trial and error procedure whereby a designer usually considers a trial design based on previous experience of a designing a similar structure and checks for its feasibility for the given site conditions. This however is not the most cost effective design. In this paper a circular type cellular cofferdam is designed by minimizing the cost of materials required for the construction of the cofferdam. The stability of the design is ensured by keeping constraints on the design of the dam to protect against various modes of failure. The cost is minimized by using genetic algorithms, and the design corresponding to the minimized cost is the optimum design of the cofferdam.

Keywords: cellular cofferdam structures, circular type, genetic algorithms.

Title: Design Optimization of Cellular Cofferdam using Genetic Algorithms

Author: Pratik Tagwale

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: In comparison to conventional construction materials i.e. wood, steel etc. the polymeric materials reinforced with synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon etc. does have blessing of high stiffness and strength to weight ratio. As there is no rose without thorns, similarly widespread use of synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composite is confined by theirhigh initial cost, their use in non-efficient structural forms and most importantly their adverse environmental impact. These days increase the interest in using natural fibers as reinforcement in concrete and minimize Conventional synthetic fibers around surrounding the researchers have focused on using natural fibers reinforced with synthetic polymerfibers. The present work includes analysis of properties of concrete with partial replacementof fine aggregates with hemp & polypropylene fibers and study of compressive and split tensile strength of the fiber reinforced concrete tensile strength of the fiber reinforced concrete.

The addition of polypropylene fiber increase the compressive the addition of strength initially & then start decreasing with increase in fiber quantities. The addition of polypropylene fibers effect on the split tensile strength has shown a gradual increase with the addition of fiber.

Title: ANALYSIS OF THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE BY ADDINGPOLYPROPYLENE FIBERS

Author: Er. Surender Singh, Er.Sunil Kumar, Er.Vikram,

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: During a strong earthquake, a reinforced concrete frame can have a non-linear behavior due to the cracking of the concrete on specific locations. This phenomenon is characterized for instance in columns, by a non-symmetric distribution of the vertical strain at the plastic hinge regions. This strain causes a certain elongation of the members, which enables the structure to have an elevation. This behavior could be assimilated to the rocking structures’ one. Rocking structures are the structures, which can rock on their foundation, because they are not fixed to the ground. They have a good resistance against earthquake. In this paper, the elevation of a one-story reinforced concrete frame structure is studied. By using the finite element analysis software Abaqus, a pushover simulation is performed on a reinforced concrete frame, designed to be ductile according to the Eurocode. In the analysis, the global displacement of the top part of the frame is examined. Also in the columns, the vertical strain along the axis and the distribution of the vertical strain along the section are studied. As a result, it is shown that the frame has some significant elevation behavior, only when the structure yields. Also, during the pushover, the elongation of the columns does not decrease. This phenomenon could be explained by the important variation of the vertical strain in the plastic hinge of the columns.

Keywords: reinforced concrete frame structure, rocking structure, finite element analysis and pushover analysis.

Title: Finite Element Analysis on Rocking Component of Cyclic Deformation of an Aseismic Reinforced Concrete Frame

Author: Soichiro Hirasawa, Xiaozu Su

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: The effects of replacing coarse aggregate by fly ash on strength, compressive stress-strain relationship, and fracture behavior of concrete were investigated. The investigation covered concrete mixes at different water-cementitious material ratios, which contained low and high volumes of fly ash. It was found that fly ash substantially improved the post-peak compressive behavior of concrete, with a relatively smaller gradient in the descending part of the stress-strain curve. Low volumes of fly ash improved the tensile strength of concrete. The specific gravity and the bulk density of fly ash aggregates when compared to the conventional aggregates are lesser. Because of the porous nature of aggregates the water absorption is more compared to the natural aggregates. Compressive strength of fly ash aggregates is more compared to the other proportion and conventional concrete. The weight and density of fly ash aggregate concrete is comparatively less when compared to conventional concrete.

Keywords: Suitability of fly ash, Palletisation technique, fly ash, light weight aggregates, Production & characterization of fly ash, Tests on fine and coarse aggregates, Mix design, Crushing and impact value, Compression Strength values, Properties. 

Title: Suitability of Fly Ash Aggregates as Coarse Aggregates in Concrete

Author: NEHA.S

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: There is a great deal of misinformation in the industry on pumping high density, viscous slurries. These misconceptions become “accepted truths” as time goes on and at best hinder and at worst stop, implementation of appropriate technology. Unfortunately, the root of these misconceptions is often due to experiences gained on poorly understood, designed or implemented systems. Advancement in a technology can only be realized by formulation of new methods of calculation. The objective of this project is to address some issues by tracing historic development of pumping and how the efficiency can be increased. It is accepted that many of the fundamental problems cannot be resolved and continued improvements in slurry transport will mean that new challenges will arise. However, there is a better understanding of how to increase the efficiency by varying pipe diameters.

Keywords: slurry transport, industry, varying pipe diameters.

Title: Slurry Transportation and Its Effect on Dredge Pipe in a Dredger

Author: Pushkal Srivastava, Karanbir Singh Sidhu, Shahbaz Singh

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: During the monsoons, materials are dislodged and these materials are transported on the land surface, streams and rivers act as passage for the movement of sediments. When there is not enough energy to transport the sediments, deposition occurs. Rivers and streams carry sediment as they flow depending on the sediment supply along their course. Depending on the settling velocity, drag and lift force, these sediments are carried along the river in either suspended form or bed load. The bed load and suspended load are calculated using the formulae developed for alluvial rivers. Sediment load depends upon surface run off, which in turn depends upon rainfall.

Keywords: Bed Load, Suspended Load, Total Sediment Transportation, Grain size, Current Velocity, NW-1.

Title: Prediction of Sediment Transport in National Waterway-I (River Ganga) around the region of Patna, Bihar

Author: Karanbir Singh Sidhu, Pushkal Srivastava, Shahbaz Singh

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: In recent decades, there has been growing strides in construction industry for using 3D printing in concrete. 3D printing in construction can be referred to various printing technologies used to fabricate architectural or construction components.  While the use of 3D printing in concrete is still at an early stage, efforts to adapt the latest 3D printing technologies are being made worldwide, albeit slowly and cautiously, through numerous projects led by industry, government agencies, as well as academia.  A number of different techniques and approaches have been attempted including on-site and off-site fabrication of construction components utilizing industrial robots, gantry systems and tethered autonomous vehicles.  This paper presents recent trends and some of research and development efforts in 3D concrete printing including its applications in extraterrestrial environment. 

Keywords: 3D concrete printing, additive manufacturing, contour crafting, extraterrestrial applications.

Title: 3D Printing in Concrete Materials and its Applications

Author: Yoon-Si Lee, Sihyun Kim, Grant Hischke

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Owing to the difficulties involved in making dynamic analytical models of the soil system, it is common practice to ignore soil structure interaction (SSI) effects, simply by treating structures as if they are rigidly based, regardless of the soil condition. However, to evaluate the seismic response of a structure at a given site the dynamic properties of the combined soil-structure system must be examined. To understand the effect of SSI on structural behaviour of building supported on isolated foundation. A total of 14 models consisting of five and eight stories building structures supported on isolated footing such as Square & Rectangular footings are created. The parameter varied includes soil types like Hard, Medium and Soft Soil. Effect of SSI is accounted by means of point spring element and fixed support condition. Based on Comparison of time period for point spring element and fixed support it is observed the magnitude of time period for Soft Soil Condition is higher in comparison to Fixed Support, Medium and Hard Soil types. The Story Response values such as Displacement, Base Shear and Overturning moment was always higher for Soft Soil. Thus Soft Soil condition is more critical in all cases.

Keywords: soil structure interaction, E-tabs, time period, displacement, time history analysis, over turning moment, base shear, storey shear.

Title: Soil Structure Interaction Effects on Structure Response with Isolated Footing

Author: Lavanya. N, Dr. Vijaya G S

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: An asymmetrical R.C.Multi-storey building without infill walls (G+10) with plan irregularity, having four bays in x and y directions located in seismic zones II and III has been analysed with fixed base condition and flexible base condition. Flexible base is achieved by introducing the stiffness of the soil and further the foundation of the building is assumed to be resting on this soil, is called the Winkler’s model approach to incorporate Soil-Structure Interaction to the building. Each individual footing has been designed, depending on the load transferred from column to the footing. Design of footing is carried out based on the IS: 456-2000 code. Using the designed isolated footing parameters, the values of spring stiffness under each column has been calculated using the empirical relationship given in NIST GCR 12-917-21 for assumed values of Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of the soil. Equivalent static method is used in the analysis to take care of earthquake forces as per IS: 1893-2002. Results have been studied for fixed base and flexible base conditions for both the seismic zones. Conclusions are drawn from the graphs obtained from software tool, such as maximum storey displacement, maximum storey drift and overturning moments.

Keywords: R.C.Multi-storey building, Soil-Structure Interaction, Stiffness and Maximum storey displacement.

Title: Effect of Soil Structure Interaction on High Rise Building using ETABS

Author: Azra Hanna Razvi J.B., Yashaswini R.K., Arun A.C., Vinay Kumar R., Goutham D.R.

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Fly ash is considered as a waste raw material which is generated from gases that comes from coal furnaces, mainly of a thermal power plant. The demand of electricity supply has boosted up in this era due to increase in urban and industrial development. This advancement has also increase the counting of electricity producing plants i.e. Thermal power plants, which results in more coal burning and the amount of residue (fly ash) also run-up. Disposal of Fly ash is a big global issue today, because of its fineness and ultra-light weight it tends to mix with the natural clean air and create many respiratory problems to living beings. Sea Shells are natural coastal waste found on the coastline. They are the hardened skeleton of mollusks. Before using the Fly ash as an additive material in soil stabilization in various engineering projects, its engineering properties need to be investigated and improved using other materials as an admixture. Sea Shell powder derived hard naturally available Sea Shell which is rich in calcium is used with Fly ash as an admixture to improve its engineering properties. The clayey soil used in this study was procured from Bholath town in district Kapurthala in the state of Punjab. Fly ash was obtained from local batching plant situated in Alawalpur in Jalandhar and Sea Shells in its natural form were obtained from a Chennai based dealer. The aim of the present work is to find the optimum amount of Fly Ash and Sea Shell powder required to improve the engineering properties (CBR AND UCS) of Clayey soil. It was noted that an increment of 176% in CBR and 30% in UCS of clayey soil may be achieved if Fly ash and Sea Shell powder were mixed in clayey soil.

Keywords: Stabilization, waste material, clayey soil, Fly Ash, Sea Shell.

Title: Study on Stabilization of Clayey Soil Using Fly Ash and Sea Shell Powder

Author: Navpreet Saini, Prashant Garg

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Odioku, Ahoada-West roads are susceptible to pavement degradation resulting in very many failures, potholes and cracks along the stretches. The study investigated the effectiveness natural fibre of costus afer bagasse (Bush sugarcane bagasse fibre (BSBF) as soil stabilizer / reinforcement. Results of preliminary investigations conducted on the deltaic clay and laterite soils as seen in detailed test results showed that the physical and engineering properties fell below the minimum requirement for such application and needs stabilization to improve its properties. The soils classified as A-2-7 and A-7-6 on the AASHTO classification schemes and are less matured in the soils vertical profile and probably much more sensitive to all forms of manipulation that other deltaic lateritic soils are known. The soils are reddish brown and dark grey in color (from wet to dry states) with liquid limits of 56.1 % and 44.5 %, plastic limits of 22.4 % and 18.3 %, and plasticity index of 33.7 % and 26.1 %.  The soil has unsoaked CBR values of 7.6%,  and 9.8 % and soaked CBR values of 7.4%,  and 9.2 %, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of 78.6kPa and 155kPa when compacted with British Standard light (BSL), respectively. Compaction results of lateritic and clay soils at 100% of maximum dry density (MDD) at preliminary test were 1.803kN/m3 and 1.640kN/m3 with fibre (BSBF) at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0% inclusion decreased from 1.803kN/m3 and 1.652kN/m3 for lateritic soil and 1.640kN/m3  to 1.521kN/m3. Optimum moisture content of lateritic and clay soils were 11.79% and 16.39% at 100% soils (ie no additives), increased from 17.33% (laterite) and 23.26% (clay). California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test results obtained for lateritic and clay soils at 100% and fibre inclusion of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0% increased from 9.8% to 17.7% (unsoaked), 7.2 to 14.8% (soaked) for lateritic soil and 7.6% to 15.2% (unsoaked), 6.9% to 12.6% (soaked) for clay soil, both had optimum values percentage inclusion at 0.75%, beyond this value, crack was formed which resulted potential failure state. Unconfined compressive strength test results obtained of lateritic and clay soils at preliminary engineering soil properties are 155KPa and 78.6kPa at 100% soils, increased to 264.8kPa and 143.4kPa respectively. Consistency limits test results at 100% soil of lateritic were LL 44.5%, PL 18.3% and IP 26.1%, at fibre inclusion, decreased to LL 37%, PL 24% and IP 13%, for clay soil at 100%, LL 56.1%, PL 24.4%, IP 33.7% decreased to %, LL 49.7%, PL 22.8%, IP 24.9%. The entire results showed good potential of using Bush sugarcane bagasse fibre as soil stabilizer.

Keywords: Clay and lateritic soils, Costus Afer, CBR, UCS, Consistency, Compaction.

Title: Stabilization of Deltaic Soils using Costus Afer Bagasse Fiber

Author: Charles Kennedy, Essien Udo, Gbinu Samuel Kabari

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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