Vol 6 Issue 1 April 2018-September 2018

Abstract: Glass waste and rice husks often become garbage and have the potential to damage the environment because the glass is difficult to decompose and rice husks are abundant and has not been utilized properly. Whereas both materials can be utilized as a substitute for Portland Cement filler on road pavement especially AC-WC mixture. The purpose of this research is to know the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) and how big is the effect of the addition of glass powder and husk ash to Marshall result. Test specimens made from rice husks being burned and grabbed ashes and glass bottles of Marjan (clear glass) are smoothed to pass filter 200. The specimens of this research were variation of 5.5%, 6%, and 6.5% asphalt content and used four filler variations: portland cement, glass powder, husk ash, and 50% filler of glass powder and 50% filler of husk ash. The method used in this research is Marshall Test that is stability, flow, and density and pore analysis of the solid mixture formed. From the results of the research conducted on the mixture of AC-WC with the addition of variation of asphalt content and filler variation done at Pavement Cementing Planning Laboratory of Civil Engineering University of Mercu Buana obtained the optimum asphalt content of Portland Cement with 6%, the optimum asphalt content of 6% glass powder and the content asphalt optimum ash husk 5.9% and optimum asphalt content 50% filler of glass powder and 50% filler of husk ash which is 5.95%. However, the greatest stability value is in the husk ash filler, so the husk ash filler is stronger to withstand the traffic load with the optimum asphalt content of 5.9%.

Keywords: AC-WC, Warm Mix, Marshall Test, Powder Glass, Husk Ash.

Title: Effect of Glass Powder and Husk Ash Filler on Pavement with Marshall Test Using Warm mix system on AC-WC

Author: Nunung Widyaningsih, Rifda Kurnia Viandini

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: The experimental study evaluated the engineering properties of soil with the inclusion of costus afer (Bush sugarcane bagasse fiber ash (BSBFA) at varying percentages. Results of compaction of soil between the relationship of optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) of soil and bagasse ash inclusion.  MDD and OMC results of lateritic and clay soils at 100% (0%) are 1.803KN/m³ and 1.640 kN/m³ and  11.79 Table 3.4 and 3.5 showed the results of compaction of soil between  the relationship of optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) of soil and bagasse ash inclusion.  MDD and OMC results of lateritic and clay soils at 100% (0%) are 1.803kN/m³ and 1.640kN/m³ and 11.79% and 16.39%. At 2.5% to 10% bagasse ash inclusion, lateritic soil decreased from 1.803KN/m³ to1.589KN/m³ and of clay, 1.640KN/m³ to 1.500KN/m³. While OMC increased from 11.79% to 20.10% (latrite) and 16.39% to 24.61% (clay). Obtained results of CBR test for bagasse fibre ash inclusion of 2.5% to 10% increased from 9.8% to 15.2% (Unsoaked) and 7.% to 13.6% (Soaked) for laterite and 7.6% to 13.92% (Unsoaked) and 6.9% to 11.47% (Soaked) for clay, this showed good  remarks to AASHTO classification and to FMW standard. Results of lateritic and clay soils at 100% (0%), 2.5% to 10% BSBFA inclusion increased from 155kPa to 215.2kPa and 78.6kPa to 116.8kPa respectively. Consistency limits test showed the results of  lateritic soils at 100%  of  LL 44.5%, PL 18.3%, IP 26.1%, with BSBFA inclusion  increased  to  LL 51.4%, PL 24.1%., IP 26.7% and  clay soil at 100% LL 57.2%, PL 23%, IP 24.2% and clay treated soil increased to LL 58.4%, PL 24.7% and 25.7%. Stabilization was found to satisfy subgrade requirements. The entire results showed the potential of using BSBFA as admixture in soils of clay and laterite.

Keywords: Clay and lateritic soils, Costus Afer ash, CBR, UCS, Consistency, Compaction.

Title: Stabilization of Deltaic Soils Using Costus Afer Bagasse Fibre Ash as Pozzolana

Author: Charles Kennedy, Isaac Olufemi Agbede, Terence Temilade Tam Wokoma

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: This study investigated the susceptible to pavement degradation resulted in very many failures, potholes and cracks along the stretches of Odioku road, Ahoada West, Rivers State. Stabilizers were used in single and combined actions to determine the suitability of the composite material that will solve these problems. Results obtained of lime treated soil in single  and double action of soil + lime + bagasse fibre treated soils of laterite and clay compaction results  presented of OMC at preliminary engineering properties soil test are 12.39% (clay) and 11.79 (laterite) while MDD 1.640KN/m³ and 1.803KN/m³ respectively. Results of OMC lime treated soil of 2% to 10% increased from 12.39% to 14.93% (clay) and 11.79% to 13.22% (laterite). MDD increased from 1.640KN/m³ to 1.758KN/m³ (clay) and 1.803KN/m³ to 1.860KN/m³. soil + lime + bagasse fibre treated soils, OMC increased from 12.93% to 24.61% (clay) and 11.79% to 14.32% (laterite). MDD increased from 1.640KN/m³ to 1.864KN/m³ (clay) and 1.803KN/m³ to 1.841KN/m³ (laterite). CBR results obtained of lime + soil treated, increased from 7.6% to 16.4% (clay) and 9.8% to 40.8% at optimum of 0.75% line percentage inclusion of both soils. Beyond the optimum limit, crack formation was noticed which led to failure. Results of UCS of soil + lime treated increased from 78.6kPa to238.7kPa (clay) and 155kPa to 325kPa (laterite). Soil + lime +BSBF treated soil at mix ratio of lime + fibre 3.75% + 0.25%, 5.5% + 0.5%, 7.25% + 0.75% and 9.0% + 1.0% respectively, has strength increased from 78.6kPa to 308kPa (clay) and 155kPa to356kPa (laterite) .is sign of failure. Results of consistency limits of soil + lime treated soil, LL decreased from 56.1% to 43.4% (clay) and 39% to 36% (laterite), PL  increased from 22.4% to 26.8% (clay) and 22% to 27% (laterite), IP decreased from 33.7% to 16.6% (clay) and 17% to 10.4% (laterite). For soil + lime + BSBF treated soil, LL decreased from 56.1% to 47.7% (clay) and 39% to 32%, LP increased from 22.4% to 24.7% (clay), 22% to 25% (laterite), IP decreased from 33.7% to 26.8% (clay) and 17% to 16.6% (laterite).

Keywords: Clay and lateritic soils, Costus Afer Fibre, CBR, UCS, Consistency, Compaction.

Title: Effect of Hybridized Composite Materials on Engineering Properties of an Expansive Soil

Author: Charles Kennedy_, Terence Temilade Tam Wokoma, Gbinu Samuel Kabari

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

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Abstract: Analysis of curved beam is a vital part of structural analysis as curved beams have found many applications in civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering. This Dissertation developed a computer aided analysis of a “curved beam-element” using Stiffness matrix method. A Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet program was developed and used to analyze the curved beam element. The main assumption is that the curve is made up of finite straight lines therefore stiffness matrix method of analysis is suitable to analyze the curved beam. Abaqus software was used to validate the results obtained from the Excel spreadsheet and the % difference were calculated. The % difference obtained were within acceptable limit so MS Excel program developed can be used to analyze beams. Almost everyone’s business or personal computer has Excel installed, which makes it a trustworthy way to transfer information and easy access. For every computer literate that can use the MS Excel Spreadsheet even if you do not know how to use Abaqus, Ansys, FEM or other engineering software which are not always available on all computers, can use the MS Excel spreadsheet to analyze curved beams. The straight beam approximation method is a reliable method to calculate curved beam elements of different section.

Keywords:  curved, beam, analysis, Ms excel, stiffness matrix.

Title: ANALYSIS OF CURVED BEAMS

Author: Akpo-ezoukumo Excel Douglas

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

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Abstract: This paper compares the induced dynamic responses of reinforced concrete shear buildings in accordance with the seismic building code of Egypt (EC-201) and the national building code of Canada (NBCC-2005). Code provisions regarding the design response spectrum analysis are compared and their effect on the dynamic responses viz storey displacements, drifts, shear forces and overturning moments are studied. A real reinforced concrete building with shear walls located in Cairo and composes of 13 storeys is used in the analysis. The well-known structural package ETABS (Extended 3D Analysis of Building Systems) is used to develop the building model and to perform the dynamic analysis in X and Y directions separately. In order to scale the dynamic base shear following the requirements of the applied codes, the equivalent static lateral force procedure is utilized as well. The obtained seismic responses of the building following guiltiness of the EC show substantial differences with those obtained following the stated guidelines in the NBCC-2005. Based on the analysis, The Provisions for design response spectrum of the NBCC-2005 has been found to be conservative compared with the EC.

Keywords: reinforced concrete buildings, Egyptian Code, Canadian Code, Response Spectrum. 

Title: Dynamic Response Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings According to Egyptian code (EC-2011) and National Building Code of Canada (NBCC-2005)

Author: Magdy.M.M Genidi

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

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Abstract: Project completion has always been a challenge to many public primary schools in Kenya. Over the years’ primary school construction projects are managed by the Board of Management (BOM) and the Parent Teachers Association (PTA) whose function is to oversee the regular running of the school without interfering with the day to day running. In most cases, the school heads have a significant role in the management of the school projects. Ensuring that projects in the schools completed has been a significant concern to both the contractors and the education stakeholders. In the recent past, it has been noted that some of the school projects have stalled having incomplete classrooms, toilets, and so on. With the introduction of Community Development Fund (CDF) which was geared towards supporting infrastructure in schools, in line with the Kenya vision 2030 goals, some of the projects are partially completed, and others poorly did. With this outcome of events, it will be a challenge to achieve these goals. Though it has been a challenge; there are some schools that have managed to complete their proposed constructions in due time, for this reason, it is vital to understand the reason for the success. This project is aimed at investigating and documenting the successful strategies that have been used by project managers in the construction projects. The research was conducted with a mixed design approach which incorporates both qualitative and quantitative components of research. A sample of 21 schools from the target population of 27 schools, from Dagoretti South Sub-County, was collected. Given all the tasks were achieved. Data were collected from the head teachers and teacher in charge then a follow-up interview will be conducted with the BOM at the school management level. From the study, it was found that the factors investigated had to influence on construction project completion in Primary schools. These were; project communication, project funding and project technical expertise and project monitoring and evaluation. In fact, all the factors reviewed in this study affect project completion. The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between the four independent variables and completion of construction projects. Amongst all the independent variables, availability of funds statistically was seen to have the most significant relationship with successful completion of projects (p-value = 0.000). This study particularly showed that the primary schools in Dagoretti South Sub-County, lack adequate funding, adequate project management skills for school principals and project communication required to complete projects.

Keywords: Successful completion, Consultant, Client, Project Delay

Title: Factors Influencing Successful Completion of Construction Projects In Public Primary Schools: A Case Study of Dagoretti South Sub-County

Author: Nancy Musimbi Mberesia, Dr.Muchelule Yusuf

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

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Abstract: The construction industry in Kenya and the world at large faces more risks and uncertainty than many other sectors. The process of project execution from initial investment appraisal, completion and final use is complicated and involves time-consuming ground investigations, design and production processes. These processes are highly specialized and are spearheaded by qualified and licensed civil engineering consultants. Each of the processes in construction carries with it a measure of risk factors ranging from cost overruns, quality of the final product, litigations, time overruns, and riots, among others. Thus, the main objective of this study is to determine the effect of project risk management practices on performance of civil engineering consultants practicing in Nairobi County. The specific objective was to examine effect of risk identification practices, determine effect of risk monitoring and control practices and to establish effect of risk response practices on performance of consulting civil engineers. The study focuses on registered consulting civil engineers practising in Nairobi County either as individual consultants or as registered engineering firms. The study was informed by prospect theory and enterprise risk management theory. The study employed descriptive cross-sectional study. The study targeted 256 registered consulting civil engineers in Nairobi County. Simple Random sampling was used to select a representative sample consulting civil engineers practising in Nairobi County for purposes of this research. The research data was collected by use of questionnaires. Data was analysed by use of SPSS version 23. Data analysis was done by use of descriptive statistics including means, standard deviation, percentages and frequency tables and inferential statistics with multiple regression analysis. This study will be significant to engineering fraternity, the general public, engineering students and the consulting engineering firms’ regulators as it will offer valuable contributions from both a theoretical and practical perspective. The findings show that risk identification does not have a significant effect on project performance, β1= 0.012, p = 0.777. Furthermore, risk monitoring has a positive and significant effect on project performance, β2= 0.150, p = 0.018. Risk response has a positive and significant effect on project performance, β3= 0.347, p < 0.001 while risk governance has a positive and significant effect on project performance, β4= 0.478, p < 0.001. Given the gaps identified through this study, there is need to further enhance the processes of risk identification by strengthening already existing practices and investing more in risk identification resources. There is more need for more investment in control systems and ensure they are effective and stakeholder participation in decision making. In addition, the consultants need to class the risks they have failed to identify as being tolerated without knowledge, they need to involve all in deciding to pass the risk or costs of the impact outside the organization in case of a risk and they need to accept the risk and its impact as it stands, that is self-insured or decide to cover any losses. Finally, there is need to enhance the knowledge of project main risk operations, project risk competence, identification of the risks posed by entrants, new products and services as well as competitors, main processes of the project and ensuring the board exhibits diversity in terms of project risk would enhance project performance.

Keywords: Project Management, Risk management, Project Performance.

Title: Effects of Project Risk Management Practices on Performance of Consulting Civil Engineers: A Case of Nairobi County

Author: Silas Mugendi Nguru, Dr. Muchelule Yusuf

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Total Quality management has continuously evolved from TQM, Six-sigma, and so on. Recently, Total quality management places emphasis on the strategic direction, systematic approach, and organizational efforts on its projects due to its conformance to the established requirements regarded as the characteristics of the study-specific objectives as a product, process, or services specified by the contracts of a project. It is by this reason this study examined the Influence of Total Quality Management on Performance of Roads Construction Projects in Machakos County; through project planning, process management, stakeholder focus, and quality policies as its main independent variables on the performance of roads construction projects as its main dependent variable. The study adopted descriptive research methods; its target population comprises of 197 staffs stratified as technical and non-technical staffs working on roads construction projects in Machakos County. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments, and a pilot study was taken to pre-test the questionnaires for validity and reliability. The gathered data was analyzed using descriptive statistics aided by Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 22 and findings were presented in tables and charts. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to establish the relationship between the study variables. The results revealed that project planning is the focal point of every given project and is essential in attaining performance of road construction projects. Also, with process management, the involved stakeholders can apply the requisite knowledge and skills to improve processes and in turn the overall performance. Additionally, stakeholder focus is paramount in achieving improved performance of road construction project. Besides, quality policies during the implementation phase of projects are essential since it dictates how the resources will be allocated to meet the desired objective. Therefore, it is crucial for the organization to define the project scope to its members clearly. Furthermore, it is vital to have adequate communication of project objectives to team members. Finally, organizations need to survey stakeholder expectations regularly and modify its operations accordingly.

Keywords: Organization Culture, Stakeholder Focus, Project Management, Project.

Title: Influence of Total Quality Management on Performance of Roads Construction Projects in Devolved Systems of Governments: A Case of Machakos County

Author: Esther Warukira Wandia, Dr. Muchelule Yusuf Wanjala

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: This work presents an assessment of the behavior of infilled frames with different configurations of openings under lateral load. It is now widely recognized that masonry infill panels, used in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, significantly enhance both the stiffness and the strength of the surrounding frame but most designs do not consider the shear strength response of the walls and the contribution of the infill panel openings in the reduction of the shear strength of the infill especially in critical cases of dynamic load. Their contribution is often not taken into account because of the lack of knowledge of the composite behavior of the surrounding frame and the infill panel. Currently, Seismic Design Guidelines such as (EC8 – Part 3, FEMA – 440, ASCE 41-06) contain provisions for the calculation of the stiffness of solid infilled frames mainly by modeling infill walls as "diagonal struts." However, such provisions are not provided for infilled frames with different configurations and sizes of openings. A finite element program that utilized the constant strain plane rectangular element for the analysis was developed and used to model one-storey one-bay reinforced Concrete infill frame with different configurations and size of opening ranging from 0 to100% and the performance of reinforced concrete frames under lateral loading were observed. The values obtained for deflection (Δ) against applied lateral force was obtained and  used to calculate the shear stiffness (K) and hence the stiffness reduction factors (λ) for varying configurations and size of openings. The results were validated by modeling the same set of structural models with STAAD.ProV8i, which is standard commercial software for FE analysis. Results from this work showed that the developed FE based program compared favorably with the results from STAAD.ProV8i program. The basic specifics drawn from the results is that the estimated stiffness reduction factors to account for varying configurations and sizes of opening vary from a value of 1.0 for the complete rigid frame (β = 0) to a value of about 0.45 for the bare frame (β = 1.0).

Title: Development of Stiffness Reduction Factors for Modelling of Infilled Frames, Case of Varying Configuration of Opening Size

Author: T.C. Nwofor, M.E. Ephraim

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Prefabricated concrete systems provide complicated structural elements which support speedy construction of engineering facilities, but with difficulties in designing their beam-to-column connections as well as proper account of the semi-rigid stability analysis of structural frames where such connections exist. In this study, a simple beam-to-column U-bar connection is proposed and analyzed along with standard patent joints commonly used for precast framed buildings. A relationship between the joint moment capacity and rotation was developed, on the basis of which the lateral stability analysis of a high-rise prefabricated concrete building frame containing the proposed joint was performed. The model was analytically derived from stress-strain theory and elastic linear analysis. The developed model when incorporated into frame analysis accounts for both non-linear semi-rigid behavior in connections and P-Δ effects of connecting beam and column members. It gives choice to the designer, to change member cross sections and connection parameters interactively with ease, and yields favorable results when compared with other models. Result of lateral stability analysis of the model frame was verified with proven computer software program. Designers therefore have a new form of connector for use in construction of precast concrete buildings.

Title: Investigation of Stability of Sway Precast RC Frames with Semi-Rigid Beam to Column Connections

Author: M.E. Ephraim, T.C. Nwofor

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Bridges are lifeline structures and their performance is critical during and after the earthquake. The RC Bridge decks, supported on unanchored elastomeric pad bearings are free to move over substructure during an earthquake. Excessive deck displacement causes unseating and sometimes complete collapse of the deck leading to closure of the bridge for long periods. The problem worsens for irregular bridge with significant variations in the pier/pile heights. For example, decks of 268 m long Chengappa bridge across Austen Strait in Andaman islands was unseated during the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, which had taller piers in the middle for navigational purposes. The bridge was modelled in AutoCAD and exported to CSI SAP2000 software to analytically investigate the performance of the bridge using the finite element (FE) analysis. The FE model was able to predict the observed response in the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake for comparable ground motions. Under design level earthquake ground motions, the model experienced unseating of the decks and possible collapse indicating higher vulnerability of irregular bridges with unanchored elastomeric pad bearings. A suitable retrofitting technique is proposed in the form of restrainers in order to arrest the displacement of deck slab and girders.

Keywords: Irregular Bridge, Response Spectrum Analysis, Deck Displacement, Restrainer, Time History Analysis.

Title: SEISMIC MITIGATION PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS STUDY OF IRREGULAR BRIDGES

Author: Sadic Azeez, Rincy P M

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

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Abstract: Folded plate girder system has been promoted as a cost-effective alternative for the design and construction of bridge superstructures due to merits such as low cost and facilitation of accelerated bridge construction. In this thesis analyzing folded plate girder system with corrugated web section in ANSYS 16.1. To investigate the performance of corrugations on web of the girders, first modelling and analyzing a simple I-beam with plane web and corrugated web. Buckling analysis is doing to find out the critical buckling load of the I-beam. Then apply the corrugations to the folded plate girder. Then modelling and analyzing the folded plate girder with plane web and corrugated web. After the analysis, compare the results the folded plate girder with plane web and corrugated web.

Keywords: ANSYS Software, Corrugated web, Plane web, Deformation, Critical buckling load, Stress distribution, Moment reaction, Folded plate girder.

Title: ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF FOLDED PLATE GIRDER WITH CORRUGATED WEB FOR SHORT SPAN BRIDGES

Author: Biby Aleyas, Fasludheen T M

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

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Abstract: Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are control devices consisting of a mass-spring-dashpot system connected to the structure in a way to vibrate out of phase with the main structure, if tuned to the appropriated frequency. In this way the energy is transferred to the TMD reducing amplitude vibration on the main system. A 10 storeyed building was used for the analysis. Varying the parameter value position and number of TMDs were used to fixing the optimum requirements. The analysis was done by varying the mass ratio 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% at centroid, front and left corners of the top storey. To find optimum number of TMD, analysis was carried out by using up to 3 numbers of dampers, each at last storeys. 2% mass ratio of one damper at front corner of top storey is sufficient for this analysis. Numerical modelling of the structure with TMD installed is performed using the finite element ANSYS computational package.

Keywords: ANSYS Software, Acceleration, Base Shear, Deformation, Equivalent Stress, Optimum mass ratio, Optimum location, Storey Displacement, Tuned Mass Damper.

Title: TUNED MASS DAMPER IN MULTISTOREY BUILDING FOR STRUCTURAL STABILITY

Author: Rohini G Nair, Fathima Shukkoor

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

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Abstract: Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze. On the other side, proper and efficient disposal of agricultural wastes is being the key factor in solid waste management in most of the Indian States. In this project wehave prepared and evaluated the performance of low cost roofing tiles using agricultural wastes as raw material. Based on the results, it is suggested that we can efficiently replace significant quantity of M-sand in making roofing tiles with the rice husk powder in appropriate propositions which gave compressive strength as similar as before replacement. By replacing the M-sand in making roofing tiles would reduce its manufacturing cost as well as selling price and makes it more affordable. Thus preparation of such sand replaced roof tiles will significantly reflect healthy environmental and economic benefits.

Keywords: M-sand, Red soil, Clay, Rice husk ash, compressive strength.

Title: LOW COST ROOFING TILES USING AGRICULTURAL WASTE

Author: Mrs.K.Saranya M.E., Mythily.K

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

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Abstract: The clay soil is a problematic soil which cannot be directly used for the construction of structures because it has high shrinkage. Various techniques are available to stabilize the soil to make better foundation for structures. Soil stabilization is the process of improving the engineering properties of the soil and thus making it more stable. This project deal with stabilization of clay soil by usingMetakaolin like with constant proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% and granite powder with proportionsof 10%, 20%, 8%.After the conclusion made from the laboratory test liquid limit, Plastic limit, MDD, OMC and CBR test value are to be determined. CBR value increase the bearing capacity of the soil. From these tests it increases the strength and it improves the improves the behavior of the Expansive soil using these admixtures.

Title: STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOIL USING METAKAOLIN AND GRANITE POWDER

Author: N. Prakash, S. Gokulnath, M.Ramkumar, R.Vasudevan, M.Sakthiganesh

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

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