Vol 8 Issue 1 April 2020-September 2020

Abstract:  The determination of the suitability of the base, subbase and subgrade materials are important in road construction. This study evaluate the geotechnical properties of Offa lateritic soils and its suitability for use as subbase and base materials. The index properties, compaction, CBR and coefficient of permeability were conducted on the lateritic soils from the pits. The results revealed that the SG of the soil from the pits are within the specified range for lateritic soil. The NMC of pits A to D, conform to specified limit for road constructions while sample E does not conform to the specified range. The soils from pits A and B; and C and E, fall under group A-6 and A-7-6, respectively, while soil from pit D fall under group A-2-7. Soils from four pits are within the specified limit for LL while soil from one pit is above the limit. The CBR value of WAS shows that lateritic soils from three pits are suitable for use as subbase materials while lateritic soils from two pits are suitable for use as base materials. Lateritic soils from four pits under the AASHTO unsoaked are suitable for use as base materials, whereas only soils from one pit are suitable for use as subbase materials. However, all lateritic soils from under BS are suitable for use as subbase materials. The results of this study will be useful for road construction in Offa and its environs, thereby serving as guide for future road pavement design.

Keywords: Offa-Lateritic soil, Index properties, Strength properties, Subbase and Base.

Title: Geotechnical Properties of Offa Lateritic Soils and its Suitability as Subbase and Base Materials

Author: J.A. Ige, B.A. Ibitoye, M.B. Kazeem

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Rice husk ash (RHA) is one of the promising pozzolanic materials that can be blended with Portland cement for the production of durable concrete and the reduction of the environmental impact of the cement industry. Rice husk ash was used in this study for partial replacement of cement in concrete production, which was classified through its oxides composition and thus indicates a high content of SiO₂ proving it to be a good pozzolana material. The rice husk is burnt into ash to produce rice husk ash (RHA), the mechanical properties of RHA was determined and cement was partially replaced at the ratio of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20 % respectively. Concrete grade M20 was used and compressive strength of 7 days, 14 days and 28 days are determined according to BS 8110. The study found that the optimum replacement of rice husk ash (RHA) in cement was 15% which is having very significant variation with the strength of concrete without rice husk ash (RHA) and thus conforms to findings of other researchers.

Keywords: Rice husk ash (RHA), cement, medium grade concrete, compressive strength.

Title: THE SUITABILITY OF RICEHUSK ASH IN THE PRODUCTION OF MEDIUM GRADE CONCRETE

Author: Baba Shehu Waziri, Bukar kadai, Yunus Ibrahim

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Multi simple-span bridges form a majority of crossings used in the highway system. A typical span has a reinforced concrete deck over precast I-girders. Span lengths range from 15 to 35 meters. Expansion joints are introduced between each two adjacent spans to allow deck movements induced by temperature variation, creep and shrinkage. However, having expansion joints between adjacent spans develops costly maintenance problems.

The main issues that generate the need for maintenance are:

• Water leakage through expansion joints; water leakage through the expansion joints can cause deterioration of bearings, decks, girder ends, and cap beams.
• Accumulation of debris in the joints; accumulated debris in the joints can restrain deck expansion and can cause undesirable damages to the structure.
• Damage and loss of function caused by impact of heavy trucks; impact induced by dynamic effects of heavy truck loads can delaminate the expansion joint concrete.

Another disadvantage of the expansion joints is the noise emission. Residents next to highway and bridges suffer from noise caused by flow of traffic. Expansion joints placed across traffic direction can be subjected to constant intolerable impact between wheels of vehicles and steel parts of the joints, which creates noise.

Therefore, elimination of expansion joints between adjacent spans would eliminate the noise emission, and can also more significantly reduce the cost for construction and maintenance of the bridges.

Keywords: Multi simple-span bridges, highway system, Link Slabs, maintenance problems.

Title: Seismic Performance of Multi-Simple Span Bridges with Link Slabs

Author: Nagi F. Hanna, Ahmed A. Rashed, Magdy M. Genedy, Ahmed M. Bohout

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Condition assessment is very important to determine the best repair action but it is not an easy to evaluate the condition of a structure accurately because of the assessment of an existing structure usually suffers from the limited data and imprecise theoretical models, also because of any experiment or test on an existing structure need to be non-destructive test. Infrastructure is suffered from continuous ageing effects. Deterioration or degradation is inevitable process for all building elements. The main problem is how they deteriorate and at what rate. Reliable inspection and observation tools are therefore an increasing demand. The diagnosis and the evaluation of current conditions and residual service life of existing structures are key aspects of concrete structure management. This paper discusses predicting surface condition of each element during building service life and over all building condition by using a Marcovian model. The condition assessment accurately evaluates the effect of building elements, depending on the current condition assessment; the proposed deterioration model predicts the future deterioration of the elements for each year in the building life cycle. As follows, the present and the future deteriorations are monitored by the proposed framework and used to get the best repair options.

Keywords: Condition assessment, Marcovian model, service life, building life cycle, element deterioration, deterioration index, future deteriorations, rehabilitation.

Title: Condition Assessment and Deterioration Prediction of RC Structures

Author: Ahmed Mohammed Abdelalim, Nahla Ali Mohamed fahmy, Hatem Hamdy Ghith, Alaa Gamal sheriff

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Recently, the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) as an alternate to conventional steel has proved to be an effective solution to the corrosion problem. However, FRP reinforcing bars have a relatively low axial and transverse stiffness compared to steel bars which results in a lower shear capacity of FRP reinforced concrete (RC) elements compared to the steel-RC elements. Glass Fiber Reinforcement Plastics (GFRP)- rebar are non-corrosive materials, good range of thermal performance, high tensile strength, resistance to acids, good electro-magnetic properties, vibration and impact loading, This research using ANSYS (15.0) to study the behavior of light-weight concrete slabs reinforced with GFRP-rebar according to different parameters obtained in this research. A total of sixty-six finite element slab models are investigated. twelve verification slabs to check the validity and accuracy of the finite element procedure models. The theoretical results obtained from ANSYS program are in good agreement with experimental results. The results include also the effect of each parameter on initial stiffness, energy absorption and ductility of the slabs.

Keywords: Solid plates, Flexure strength, GFRP rebar, Crack pattern.

Title: FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF LIGHT- WEIGHT CONCRETE SOLID SLABS REINFORCED USING G.F.R.P. REBAR

Author: Alaa G. Sherif, Nasr Z. Hassan, Mohamed Saber, Mirhan W. Adly

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Deterioration of concrete structures throughout the world and the cost of their repair and rehabilitation have become a major concern to engineer and researchers in recent years. Almost cases the repair costs can be twice or more of the original cost. For example, in Canada, it is estimated that the cost of repair of parking garages is in the range of 6 billion dollars, and over 74 billion dollars for all concrete structures. The estimated repair cost for existing highway bridges in the USA is over 50 billion dollars, and 1-3 trillion dollars for all concrete structures. In Europe, steel corrosion has been estimated to cost about 3 billion dollars’ year. Excessive corrosion problem also exists in Arabian Gulf countries (Benmokrane et al., 1998). Organizations, private industry and university researchers are seeking ways to avoid the corrosion problem and thereby eliminate, partially or totally, burden of never ending repair costs. One preferred solution, which has assumed the status of cutting edge research in many industrialized countries, is the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) rebars in concrete.

FRP reinforcement has an advantage over steel in that it has high corrosion resistance and a high strength to weight ratio, thus for structures built in or close to seawater or at similar corrosive environment. They are also non-conductive for electricity and non-magnetic.

Keywords: Solid plates, Flexure strength, GFRP rebar, Crack pattern.

Title: BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT- WEIGHT CONCRETE SOLID SLABS REINFORCED USING G.F.R.P. REBAR

Author: Alaa G. Sherif, Nasr Z. Hassan, Mohamed Saber, Mirhan W. Adly

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: The concept of partnership between the public and private sectors is an effective tool and innovative strategy and indispensable in the management of the crisis of development in Iraq, in addition to the reference to the rationale for use reasons, and the positives derived them, and the desired benefits from the conversion of the usual competitor of the private sector to a partner and contributor to have a strong development and sustainability.

Another key objective of the study is to identify potential factors for the success of the partnership in the business environment in Iraq, through looking into the experiences of other countries and to develop lessons learned, including the review of the provisions of the reports and evidence from international organizations and houses of experience interested in partnership and its own merits.

And then these factors tab in the questionnaire distributed to the research community, composed of public and private institutions with targeting expertise in the topics of partnership and private management, as well as to the general, public, and interested observers.

Using the appropriate statistical methods, the study concluded several results regarding the necessary assumptions the need to be performed for the success of the partnership at the current stage and followed by reconstruction with regard to the roles of the public and private sectors, with an Iraqi model of factors assistance to the success of the partnership locally for decision-makers and stakeholders in Iraq, contributing to understanding the requirements of the partnership to secure supplies.

Keywords: partnership, private sectors, public sectors, survey, reconstruction.

Title: Studying the Applicability of Public Private Sector Partnership in the Reconstruction Projects in Iraq

Author: Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Abdelalim, Prof. Dr. Adel Abu Al- Yazid Elsamadony, Eng. Zena Abdulwahed Fadhel

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: This paper gives an audit of the use of coconut shells and coconut fiber in street development. Coconut shells and coconut fiber are new waste materials utilized in the sidewalk and parkway industry. A few investigations demonstrated that coconut fiber can build the soundness, slide obstruction and strong modulus while coconut shells can improve the aberrant rigidity and static wet blanket conduct of the changed black-top asphalt. Conversely, coconut fiber doesn't improve the exhaustion life of the altered bituminous blends. As a rule, the past research shows that coconut shell and coconut fiber essentially improves the building properties of black-top blends when blended in with altered bitumen. The conventional mix practiced in the field was adopted for the production of coconut shell aggregate concrete paver blocks. For comparison purposes, conventional aggregate concrete paver blocks were produced and tested in parallel.

Keywords: Powdered Coconut shell, fine aggregates, concrete.

Title: COCONUT SHELL (CS): AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR FINE AGGREGATES ON SIDEWALK PAVEMENT

Author: Wally B. Gonzales, Josh Manuel A. Sinfuego, Paulo R. Valderama, Engr. Siva Das Abaya

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Based on the initial research on the suitability of RHA in partial replacement of cement in HSC production, it was observed that between 10 – 20% replacement by weight of cement with RHA shows potential for use in the production of HSC based on their compressive strength. However, However, the use of compressive strength criteria only as a determinant in High Strength Concrete (HSC), especially in RHA-Cement blend concrete, has shown its inadequacies. Fracture Mechanics is a reliable experimental/analytical tool that has not been adequately used in the study of RHA-based HSC. Thus, the need to study its fracture mechanics parameters such as Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTODc )  test and Stress Intensity Factor ( KICs) to understand the behaviour of the RHA-based HSC to fracture toughness which is an indication of the strength of concrete when subjected to loading.

Milled samples of the RHA were used in the preparation of RHA- Cement blends with the cement being replaced at 0%, 10% and 20% by cement weight. The 0% replacement served as a control for the experiment. 36 cubes of HSC with an expected compressive strength of 60MPa respectively were produced; 12 cubes for each percentage replacement aimed at affirming the compressive strengths were within the expected 60 MPa value. Then same mix design was used to prepare 78 beams (18, 30 and 30 for 0%, 10% and 20% RHA-Cement blend HSC) were prepared and subjected to experimental Fracture Mechanics three-point bending tests (TPBT) while the peak load for each beam before failure were recorded. The recorded peak loads were used to develop   function via numerical computational and statistical models to determine the  and  values for the concrete.

Based on the numerical analysis done, there was a progressive increase in CTODc and KICswith an increase in RHA content in the concrete mixes with 20% having the highest CTODc and KICs (1.4197 MPam and 0.0317mm) values compared to the control and the 10% RHA. Thus, it implies 20% RHA-cement blended HSC has more resilence compare to the 10% RHA.

Keywords: Crack Tip Opening Displacement(CTODc ), Stress Intensity Factor ( KICs), Fracture Mechanics, Rice Husk Ash, High Strength Concrete, Construction, Concrete, Carbon Dioxide, Nigeria.

Title: INVESTIGATING THE FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF NIGERIAN RICE HUSK ASH (RHA) - BASED HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE (HSC)

Author: Anthony O. Bucknor, Fisayo M. Animashaun, Festus A. Olutoge, Oluwaseun A. Adetayo, Wasiu O. Ajagbe, Efe E. Ikponmwosa

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Fatigue resistance of Laminated Veneer Lumber, Structural Plywood were investigated in this study for determining allowable design stresses for both materials as a percentage of Ultimate strength (Modulus of Rupture). Test were carried out at Selected stress levels to corresponded specific percentages of materials ultimate strength. Constant amplitude cyclic test of 1 Hz (60 cycles/minute) frequency were performed with six applied stress levels 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30 expressed as percentages of the materials ultimate strength.

Results indicated that Laminated Veneer Lumber, Structural Plywood, were able to survive fatigue life of over 6 lakh cycles at stress level equal to 30 and 27% of average Modulus of Rupture (MOR) respectively. It was also observed that increase in the Rate of loading decreased the percentage of allowable design stresses for all the material and vice versa. The study shows that the allowable design stress for the design applications must be based on percentage of static MOR and the frequency of cyclic loading in order to satisfy safety and service requirements.

Keywords: Allowable design stress, Laminated Veneer Lumber, Structural Plywood, fatigue, Modulus of Rupture (MOR).

Title: FATIGUE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER AND STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD

Author: Kiran M.C, Anand Nandanwar, Prakash V, Narasimhamurthy

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Design Optimality of RC Buildings “that merges the perspective of design and construction” is a goal for each designer. This paper aims to compare between different structural systems that are commonly used as Lateral Force-Resisting Systems (LFRS) and choose the optimum structural system for each height and aspect ratio under the action of gravity and earthquake loads from the perspective of value engineering. This paper proposes three different feasible solutions for the selection of the LFRS and quantifies the impact of these selections on seismic performance and quality. The systems considered are: Rigid Frame, Core and Shear Wall and Tube in Tube. Moreover, applying value engineering approach on the solutions by considering two parameters: the design optimality index and design quality index. The design phase is considered one of the most important phases in the life cycle of a project. The coordination between designer and construction team should be insured to increase the building quality. So, improving the design phase by considering design quality to remain the project performance as well as time and cost saving. In this study, linear dynamic analyses of ten, twenty and thirty-story RC structures, which are primarily designed according to UBC 97, are performed. The results of the numerical simulations of dynamic linear responses were presented. Also results of design quality index were indicated. The recommendations for chosen the optimum structural system were based on the structure performance, maximum story drift, maximum displacement, and design quality indicators.

Keywords: Design Optimality; Design Quality; Design Quality Indicator; Tall buildings; structural systems.

Title: Integration of Design Optimality and Design Quality of RC buildings from the perspective of Value Engineering

Author: Ayman Abd-Elhamed, Haytham Essam Amin, Ahmed Mohamed Abdelalim

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: The purpose of this research is to develop an alternative material for composite board that will utilize wastes which are produced by the rice industry. Wood species, agricultural fibrous residues as well as agricultural wastes can be applied inside the fabrication of composite boards, this led the researchers to use the wastes from rice plantations as a raw material for the product. The results showed the significance of the quantity of materials to be used, the Modulus of Rupture Test reveals the strength of 70:30 binder to fiber Ratio to be 6.23 megapascals, in Face Screw Holding Test and Nail Head Pull Test, the board passed having a strength of 105.90-kilogram force and 95.39-kilogram force. The results of Thickness Swell Test showed that the amount of swell of the board after the test is 12.29%, and the amount of moisture of the board is 6.59% which were determined using the Moisture

Keywords: Rice Straw, Cement Board, Rice Husk Ash, Cladding.

Title: UTILIZATION OF RICE STRAWS AS FIBER REINFORCEMENT IN RICE HUSK ASH CEMENT BONDED BOARD

Author: Jerby C. Bunda, John Ceasar D. Diloy, Trixy L. Gatbunton, John Renz D. Tabigne, Engr. Siva Das Abaya

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Risk management in construction industry is one of the important processes of construction management to achieve project objectives and minimize potential risks . Construction projects have been distinguished from other projects in different industries by their uniqueness and complexity. Many types of construction industry in EGYPT were studied such as infrastructure, public buildings, housing projects and power station  projects, these kinds of projects have a huge development due the increasing demand for such kind . Risk factors affecting negatively this industry are attributed to many sources as these risks cause cost overrun and/or schedule delay in many construction projects. As per PMBOK 2018 , plan risk Responses is the process of developing options, selecting strategies, and agreeing on actions to address overall project risk exposure, as well as to treat individual project risks. The key benefit of this process is that it identifies appropriate ways to address overall project risk and individual project risks.

The purpose of this research is to achieve and propose an integrated and coherent risk response approach to improve and develop risk management processes , mitigate threats , maximize response influence , alerting & advising stake holders to insure project success and overcome obstacles with the lowest expected losses .

In the main research many steps were conducted starting by literature review , identifying the risk factors and sources using extensive survey through experts representing huge companies in construction fields . Then an a questionnaire was designed & distributed to prioritize these factors regarding their probability and consequences on both time and cost. According to their relative important index , a statistical analysis for all collected data was carried out using (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) SPSS Ver.23 software . In parallel an extensive survey was conducted to collect data of 32 real existing mega projects during last ten years with a total budget of 330 billion EGP. These data includes real indications , impacts and deviations regarding the main parameters adopted in this research , time & cost , then a forecasting model was developed using Crystal Ball software ver. 11.1.2.4 , the entire range of results possible for a given situation with a specified confidence levels by studying the top 20 risk factors affecting time and cost and their impacts on the case studies of projects with the highest schedule and cost deviations . Finally, a survey was distributed to experts to identify the most effective responses for these risks. The result was adding 78 new responses by the respondents beside the original questionnaire 80 responses .

Keywords: Risk assessment , qualitative , quantitative , schedule deviation , cost deviation , probability, impact , relative important index , response planning , simulation , forecasting , statistical analysis.

Title: Risk Response Planning for Top Risks Affecting Schedule and Cost of Mega Construction Projects in EGYPT

Author: Amr Afifi Abdul Hamed, Adel Abo El-yazid El-samadony, Ahmed Mohammed Abdelalim

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Risk management in construction industry is one of the important processes of construction management to achieve project objectives and minimize potential risks . Construction projects have been distinguished from other projects in different industries by their uniqueness and complexity. Many types of construction industry in EGYPT were studied such as infrastructure, public buildings, housing projects and power station  projects, these kinds of projects have a huge development due the increasing demand for such kind . Risk factors affecting negatively this industry are attributed to many sources as these risks cause cost overrun and/or schedule delay in many construction projects.

The purpose of this research is to achieve and propose an integrated and coherent methodology that may help in determining risk factors related industrial projects , qualitative same quantitative assessment , using advanced questionnaire tools & surveying techniques that help in proposing an approach to improve and develop risk management processes , mitigate threats , maximize response influence , alerting & advising stake holders to insure project success and overcome obstacles with the lowest expected losses .

In this research many steps were conducted starting by literature review , identifying the risk factors and sources using extensive survey through experts representing huge companies in construction fields . Then an a questionnaire was designed & distributed to prioritize these factors regarding their probability and consequences on both time and cost. According to their relative important index , a statistical analysis for all collected data was carried out using (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) SPSS Ver.23 software , Reliability Analysis , ( Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ) , Person correlation ,T test, and ANOVA analysis, to find out the effect of all independent variables on dependent variables .In parallel an extensive survey was conducted to collect data of 32 real existing mega projects during last ten years with a total budget of 330 billion EGP. These data includes real indications , impacts and deviations regarding the main parameters adopted in this research , time & cost , then a forecasting model was developed using Crystal Ball software ver. 11.1.2.4 , the entire range of results possible for a given situation with a specified confidence levels by studying the top 20 risk factors affecting time and cost and their impacts on the case studies of projects with the highest schedule and cost deviations . The results were compared and the main findings were very close to the actual results as the actual time deviation average for the real projects is 33% while the software prediction is 31% & the actual cost deviation average for the real projects is 28.5% while the software prediction is 27% . Finally a survey was distributed to experts to identify the most effective responses for these risks. The result was adding 78 new responses by the respondents beside the original questionnaire 80 responses .

Keywords: Risk assessment , qualitative , quantitative , schedule deviation , cost deviation , probability, impact , relative important index , response planning , simulation , forecasting , statistical analysis.

Title: A Proposed Methodology for Managing Risks in Construction Industry in EGYPT

Author: Ahmed Mohammed Abdelalim, Adel Abo El-yazid El-samadony, Amr Afifi Abdul Hamed

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract:  During designing of fire rated doors more importance is given to the door shutter as compared to door frame for achieve given fire rating. On the contrary, it is observed in various events that, even if the fire rated door resists fire, the failure occurs in frame because of wrong selection of wood, resulting in non-conformity or failure of door set for achieving the desired fire rating. This study is carried out to correlate the density of wood used in frames of door shutter assemblies with its rate of burning. Some of the widely used species for frames of fire rated door were selected for the study viz. Red meranti (Shorea acuminata), Sal (Shorea robusta), Birch (Betula pendula), Padauk (Pterocarpus spp.), White Meranti (Shorea spp.). Samples of different densities ranging from density of 412 to 849 Kg/m3 were tested for rate of burning as per Indian standard IS 1734 (1983). The correlation of fire performance/ rate of burning was drawn with respect to density of wood. From the results of the study it is observed that lower rate of burning of wood is observed with denser wood, hence it can be said that fire resistance of wood increases with density.

Keywords: fire rating, density, selection criteria, optimization, wood species.

Title: EFFECT OF DENSITY ON RATE OF BURNING OF WOOD USED IN FRAME OF FIRE RATED DOORS

Author: Anand Nandanwar, Kiran M. C., Narsimhamurthy, Mamatha B. S.

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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