Vol 6 Issue 2 October 2018-March 2019

Abstract: Strain based Approach to the Modeling of Concrete under Uniaxial Tension-Tension Fatigue Loading is briefly described regarding Stiffness degradation and inelastic deformation which are the essential features of concrete that develop due to the formation of multitude of microcracks in the fatigue environment. Microcracking, which is anisotropic in nature, destroys the bond between material grains, and affects the elastic properties resulting in the reduction of material stiffness. This paper presents Strain based Approach to the Modeling of Concrete under Uniaxial Tension-Tension Fatigue Loading. The model is developed, in strain space, using the general framework of internal variable theory of continuum thermodynamics. It is argued that within the damage surface of given strain states the unloading-reloading cycles (fatigue loading) stimulate the nucleation and growth microcracks in concrete, which will result in stiffness degradation and  inelastic deformation, and hence  material is termed as damaged. Damage is reflected through the fourth-order stiffness tensor involving a damage parameter whose increment is governed by the consistency equation associated with a cycle dependent damage surface in strain space. The model is capable of predicting stiffness degradation, inelastic deformation and strength reduction under fatigue loading and compared against experimental results.

Keywords: Fatigue; uniaxial; damage; Concrete; Thermodynamics; stiffness; microcracks, response tensors.

Title: Strain Based Approach to the Modeling of Concrete under Uniaxial Tension-Tension Fatigue Loading

Author: Indra Narayan Yadav, Dr. Kamal Bahadur Thapa

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Bridges are the permanent structures which carry vehicular load or other moving load to pass through an obstacle. During the process of construction, we encounter various geometrical constraints and operational constraints due to the existing site condition. It is therefore necessary to identify the constraints in order to provide an efficient planning and optimum design. Thus, the paper presents the analysis and design of a 3-lane highway bridge with constraints. A bridge to carry a three-lane highway across a series of existing rail tracks and sidings underneath and a highway viaduct which the new highway bridge has to pass beneath is to be analysed and designed. A minimum horizontal clearance of 4.5 m shall be provided between any rail and the face of any piers or abutments to the new bridge above ground level, to avoid the need to design these elements for accidental impact. The bridge is designed for the vehicular loads as per IRC-06 2016. The bridge is modelled for simply supported and continuous span with pre-stressed precast SY Girder and SY Edge girder and is compared to that of an I girder with other bridge components having regular dimensions designed as per the India standard codes for the forces acting on the bridge structure. The comparison of displacements, moments and load carrying capacity of the above modelled structures are presented and discussed. Thus from the analysis report obtained, the structural response like displacements, moments and forces for the continuous span SY girder is less compared to that of the I girder for the same cross sectional area. Therefore from this paper it is evident that for the bridges of span greater than 20 m up to 40 m, SY beam provides an economical section.

Keywords: SY girder, I girder, Simply Supported Span, Continuous Span. 

Title: Analysis and Design of Three Lane Highway Bridge with Constraints

Author: Madhu M

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Concrete is the world second most utilized and popular material after water, used as a core ingredient in the construction industry. It is a combination of cement, sand, aggregate, water, and some admixture which makes it adopt any shape and size and then after hardening it become rock-like structure. Concrete has good compressive strength but very less tensile strength that’s why some technical enhancement required for improving their properties. In this research work; jute fiber is used as reinforcement material along with Hypo-Sludge (waste of Paper Industry). Both the material is mixed in concrete in different percentage and combinations. For the investigation purpose several physical tests like compressive strength test, flexural and split tensile strength test performed on the samples and a comparative study conducted between the results. 

Keywords: High-Performance Concrete, Jute Fiber “Saan”, Hypo Sludge.

Title: INVESTIGATION ON UTILIZATION OF HYPOSLUDGE AND JUTE FIBRE IN THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

Author: Hardeep Singh Saluja, Sourabh Rajoriya

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: This research work presents a geotechnical design optimisation algorithm for pile groups based on particle swarm optimisation (PSO) technique. The main objective of the research is to develop a computer program for optimising the size and configuration of pile groups using PSO, while satisfying the Eurocode 7 geotechnical design criteria. PSO is a gradient-free bio-inspired search algorithm capable of achieving global optimum by virtue of its capacity to cover a wide area searching for the best solution. The PSO design optimisation of pile groups were began with the generation of particle population with each member representing a set of pile groups and must satisfy the EC7 design criteria. The objective function of the optimisation is to minimised construction cost. The design variables were: pile diameter (D), length (L), thickness of the pile cap (TH), pile spacing (S), number of piles (N). and the input into the work were soil sub-surface profile, and loads. Two types of piles (bored and driven) are considered in the design optimisation and the static axial loads of 500kN, 2000kN, 4000kN, 8000kN, and 16000kN are considered, and the design were carried out in accordance with Eurocode 7. Cohesive and cohesion-less materials with multilayer thickness are also considered. The results showed that both types of piles (bored and driven) satisfied load ratio condition in both cohesive and cohesion less soils. The results have also shown that particle swarm optimisation (PSO) based design code developed during this research has been able to obtain optimised parameters involved in the design of pile groups.

Keywords: Piles, Optimisation, Algorithms, Program.

Title: Geotechnical Design Optimisation of pile groups based on Particle Swarm Optimisation Technique

Author: Adamu Bakoji, Abdussamad Ismail, Abdulrahman Haruna

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: In this study, the effect of exposure of cement on the compressive strength of concrete was investigated. The compressive strength of concrete with different cement exposure time and conditions and the limiting exposure time of cement beyond which cement should not be used in structural concrete production were determined. The fresh cement as well as cement exposed to two conditions (warehouse and open-air exposure) for different durations (6, 12, 18, 24 and 42 Hours) was used in the production of concrete with target strength of 30 N/mm2. Slump and compressive strength tests were carried out on the various samples produced using the two types of cement and it was observed that the compressive strength value of concrete constantly reduced from 29.13N/mm2 for the control sample (No cement exposure) to 17.28N/mm2 and 13.90N/mm2 for 42 hours cement exposure in Warehouse and open-air exposure conditions respectively. A regression model was also developed to predict the compressive strength of concrete and the percentage loss in compressive strength with increase in exposure time for the both conditions. The limiting exposure value was found to be 16.66 Hours and 10.45 Hours for warehouse and open-air exposure respectively. It was also observed that there was a considerable reduction in the compressive strength of concrete with increase in exposure time of cement and the rate of loss of strength of concrete with exposure duration varied for the different exposure conditions. It was also observed that the workability of concrete was not affected by the exposure condition of cement.

Keywords:  Compressive strength, exposure time, warehouse exposure, open-air exposure, regression model, target strength.

Title: EFFECT OF EXPOSURE OF CEMENT ON THE COMPRESSIVE STENGTH OF CONCRETE

Author: Nwofor T.C., Sule S.

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: This work involves the application of Scheffe’s optimization technique to obtain the mathematical model of response function for the optimization of compressive strength of a six- component concrete made with cement, fly ash, sand, quarry dust, granite and water. A total of 84 standard 150x150x150mm cubes was cast, from forty-two (42) mix ratios. The first twenty-one (21) were used to determine the coefficients of the model, while the remaining twenty-one were used to validate the model. The MATLAB software developed gave optimum compressive strength of 43.01N/mm²after 28 days wet curing for a mix ratio of 0.91:0.094:0.868:0.138:2.18:0.40 (i.e. cement: fly ash:sand:quarry dust: granite: water).The output of the mathematical models compared favourably with the corresponding experimental results and the predictions from the response function were tested for adequacy using the statistical Fischer test and found to be adequate at 95% confidence level. The model derived in this study can be used to predict mix ratios for any desired compressive strength of a six-component concrete system within a 6,2 factor space.

Keywords: Compressive Strength, Quarry Dust, Fly Ash, Mathematical model, Scheffe’s, Optimization, Concrete.

Title: Optimization Model for Prediction of Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Quarry Dust Based on Scheffe’s Simplex Theory

Author: Ephraim, M. E., ThankGod, O., Nule, S. J.

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: In this study, the frequencies and mode shapes of thin rectangular plates have been obtained using the Rayleigh Ritz method and characteristic orthogonal polynomials for plates of various boundary conditions. The maximum and minimum frequencies of 23.95 and 9.43 rad/sec were obtained for reinforced concrete plates with all round rigid fixity for aspect ratios of 0.5 and 1.0 respectively. These results clearly demonstrate the crucial role of aspect ratios and boundary restraints. Plates with CCSS and CSCS edge restraints yielded intermediate values of fundamental frequencies with the plate with similar restraints on contiguous sides showing the lesser values. It is noteworthy that plate clamped on opposite side and simply supported on the opposite side gave a maximum frequency almost equal to that for all round clamped plate. Rectangular plates with simply supported edges showed the least values of maximum and minimum of 12.08 and 5.17 rad/sec for aspect ratio of 0.5 and 1.0 respectively. The mode shapes followed a sequence of transverse vibrations along the longitudinal, transverse and diagonal axes of the plates. However, there were variations dependent on aspect ratio and boundary conditions. The output of the proposed model is in close agreement with those of other researchers and standard computer software.

Keywords: The Rayleigh-Ritz, characteristic orthogonal polynomials, reinforced concrete, rectangular plates, vibration, ANSYS.

Title: Dynamic Response of Rectangular Orthotropic Plates Based on Characteristic Orthogonal Polynomials and Rayleigh-Ritz Model

Author: M. E. Ephraim, T. Ode, C. A. Ohia

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Among the rapid development of fibers in the field of civil engineering, Basalt Fibers are new type of fibers recently introduced in the market. In this research eleven beams of M 25 grade of concrete with dimensions 150 mm width, 300 mm depth and 1800 mm support to support length were casted with the addition of basalt fibers (0%, 0.25%, 0.625% and 1%) from the concrete volume, to study the behavior of reinforced concrete beams with basalt fibers. The parameters studied were the percentage of basalt fibers, fiber locations and the reinforced ratio. Crack pattern, Load deflection curves, stiffness and load carrying capacity were investigated for each beam. From this study it was concluded that basalt fibers have positive effect on the behavior of under reinforced beams and can change the behavior of over reinforced beams to more ductile one.

Keywords: Basalt Fiber, Concrete, Flexure Strength, Under Reinforced Beams, Over Reinforced Beams.

Title: BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH BASALT FIBERS ADDED TO THE MIX

Author: Nasr Z. Hassan, Jehan Hassanin

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: In this paper, Photovoltaic (PV) panel usages would be analyzed at its best performance in hot climate with different tilt angles. In the case of my research case studies will be selected from hot climates, different tilt angle will be researched on and calculated in order to find the best design principles for PV panel designs. According to the findings, before designing the PV panel to the roof or facade or to the site, it is the most important to know the latitude of the place. The reason is to find the correct optimum tilt angle. According to the investigations, tilt angle that is known as inclined angle of the photovoltaic (PV) panel, is changeable due to the location of place, climatic conditions and the solar radiation. In Cyprus for instant, tilt angle is 20° in summer and 50° in winter. On the other hand, if the panels designed fixed in North Cyprus, optimum tilt angle is taken between 28° and 30°. Secondly, optimum tilt angle of England is 65° in winter and 35° in summer periods. By the way, due to variable tilt angles during a year, sun trackers should be given as a suggestion. On the other hand, orientation of the PV panel is the second important aspect to consider. This is because; PV panels should be oriented to south direction in Northern Hemisphere and to the north direction if the location is in Southern Hemisphere. Solar radiation should be considered to know the countries solar radiation amount to select the correct PV panel type and size. At the same time, electricity usage of the building should be calculated in order to find panel numbers to install.

Keywords: PV Panels, Climates, Tilt Angle, Orientation.

Title: THE EFFECT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) PANEL TILT ANGLE FOR BEST ENERGY GENERATION IN HOT CLIMATE

Author: Musa Mohammed, Halil Zafer Alibaba

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Lectures hall and classroom in Universities are occupied by students and advisors or Instructors for lectures but the acoustic design for these buildings are neglected and student get distracted or cannot clearly hear and pay attention to the lecturers. Acoustic design of these spaces go a long way to affect both the Instructors and students in terms of audibility, communication between the students and instructors or Advisors, comfortability, performance of students in class discussion and in general and so on. From this research, the integration of Acoustic comfort will be achieved through the Architectural design rather than active means and the discussion of both means of achieving Acoustic comfort or Architectural Acoustics is reviewed in the literature review. This research will study possible noise sources and measures or technologies that can be integrated into the architectural design of a lecture hall or classroom to aid acoustic comfort. Some of this noise sources may include HVAC, background noise from outside the lecture space, low sound insulation building materials and so on. The architectural acoustics of a lecture hall or classroom is very important for students to acquire the most knowledge they can and this research will use a case study to analysis the acoustic comfort of the lecture space and propose a suitable design to achieve acoustic comfort within the lecture hall. A software will also be used to estimate the noise level within the selected Case Study to determine the level of noise pollution which will made proposing a suitable design and material selection more feasible. Also this research will discuss the advantages or benefits of acoustics comfort in a lecture hall or classroom.

Keywords: Architectural Acoustics, HVAC, Sound Insulation, Acoustic Comfort, Acoustics.

Title: Achieving Acoustic Comfort in the Architectural Design of a Lecture Hall

Author: Adekalu Oluwasayo Benjamin, Halil Zafer Alibaba

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Building Structures devour 40% of aggregate vitality and around 48% of which is devoured by Warming Ventilation and Cooling (air conditioning). This features the significance of creating vigorous and dynamic Building Monitoring Systems (BMS) that are fit for giving the ideal task of central air frameworks regarding expanding warm solace of building inhabitants while limiting vitality utilizations. Various experimental investigations have shown that tenant conduct is a key calculate hidden vitality utilization existing structures. In any case, barely any dependable informational indexes exist recording exact human exercises and their related inhabitant comfort levels inside buildings. Besides, little on the off chance that anything is thought about how this data straightforwardly identifies with building vitality execution. This research documents ongoing development of software prototype tools for modeling thermal comfort in buildings based on real-time occupant and building systems data.. The results help building proprietors to distinguish territories that require enhancements concerning warm solace with more extensive effects that enhance tenant profitability, solace, and prosperity. The essential specialized commitment is to display human solace on the building level dependent on genuine tenant utilization, with the end goal to recognize and target vitality effectiveness estimates that advance vitality use as per comfort as opposed to most extreme vitality reserve funds alone. Future research will blend building inhabitant and sensor information to help relapse examination that may recognize the relationship of the detailed warm solace, exercises of building tenants, and building conditions. Such information may likewise be utilized to create calculations for controlling inside lighting, deplete fans, ventilation, and central air temperature set focuses that streamline comfort while limiting vitality requests. In order to understand the current conditions of the thermal sensation and the environment control actions in different climate zones of the student residential building, a questionnaire survey was given in the building during extreme weather in winter.

Keywords: Indoor thermal Environment, Building Occupants, Questionnaire, Energy Performance, Environment control strategy.

Title: Thermal Comfort Report for Student Residential Building

Author: Usman Abudllahi Zakari, Halil Alibaba

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: This paper basically illustrates a series studies and analysis to optimize the use of passive solar design in aim of thermal comfort in living spaces in Cyprus, during hot season. First, we state, different ways to optimize passive solar design in living spaces having different alternatives and choosing the best strategy by series of analysis and simulations. first, for the studies we monitored the indoor temperature of the spaces, from sunrise to sunset this would be the default temperature and then determine through simulations, how these passive solar design strategies affects the indoor temperature positively. Therefore, in this paper we would go through these strategies of optimizing passive solar design in living spaces and then finally suggest the best strategy to consider to improve the thermal performance of the space.

Keywords: Thermal mass, South façade, Openings. Passive solar design.

Title: OPTIMIZATION OF PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN STRATAGIES IN HOT CLIMATE (CYPRUS)

Author: CHIEMERIE UME, HALIL ZAFER ALIBABA

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: The use of courtyard as an integrated means of architecture in different building around the world has been dated back to centuries ago. Most households have employed the courtyard for different purposes and activities. The courtyard serves as a means to provide natural light, cool air, privacy as well as security to the surrounding spaces within the building. The courtyard system comes in different shapes and sizes depends on the size of the building and the region. It could be square shape, I-shape, rectangular shape, circular or amorphous E.T.C. To achieve maximum thermal comfort, cautious consideration to its orientation and configuration are put in place as well as the the size of the surrounding walls and positioning of window openings in the spaces around. During the course of these research paper, we would be focusing on northern Nigeria (Bauchi, NIGERIA). To actualize these, buildings would be analyzed and also research questions would be asked around and also analyzing the questionnaires to be distributes to get more information as well as duration and time spent in the spaces at different time of the day.

Keywords: Courtyard, thermal comfort, climate, natural ventilation, daylighting.

Title: PERFORMANCE OF COURTYARD SYSTEMS OF HOUSING IN HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE (BAUCHI, NIGERIA)

Author: Paul Wakawa Yakubu, Halil Zafer Alibaba

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Due to the large amount of fossil fuel being used up to achieve thermal comfort, the future of a healthy environment looks uncertain. To conserve fossil fuel energy and resources used to enhance indoor thermal comfort and reduce the incidence of global warming, calls for better understanding and application of passive design strategies and use of climate sensitive designs. This study is based on the assessment of the indoor thermal comfort in LEMAR as a case study. Mall design is an important aspect to be considered by many as it environment may influence the health and productivity of its occupants and visitors. Health symptoms like fatigue, headache, tiredness and aggressiveness are common scenario faced by people due to bad thermal comfort condition.

However, the following objectives should be considered;

• The thermal comfort level in LEMAR based on an objective and subjective evaluation,
• The relationship between the physical characteristics of the spaces and both objective and subjective analysis of the thermal comfort level.

Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Passive Design Strategy, Environmental Quality.

Title: THE ASSESSMENT OF INDOOR THERMAL COMFORT IN A BUILDING A CASE STUDY OF LEMAR, SALAMIS ROAD, FAMAGUSTA, CYPRUS

Author: Madu Emmanuella, Halil Zafer Alibaba

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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Abstract: Buildings are generally made of different elements, and to create a shelter or complete building, the three basic elements that make up the shelter space or building. They are the roof element, the wall element and the floor element. These different elements directly affect the thermal comfort of the space which they form and as such the materials used in creating these elements play a main role in the thermal comfort of this space. Therefore this study will be dealing with the calculation of the thermal resistance and conductance of the elements based on the type of materials used.

Keywords: Thermal Conductance- U. Value, thermal Resistance – R value, Building Element, Roof Element, Wall Element, Floor element.

Title: ANALYSIS ON THE THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE/ CONDUCTANCE OF BUILDING ELEMENTS (ROOF, WALL AND FLOOR) BASED ON THE DIFFERENT BUILDING MATERIALS USED IN FAMAGUSTA

Author: Francis Akankali, Halil Zafer Alibaba

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

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