Vol 12 Issue 2 October 2024-March 2025

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the survey of building collapses in Nigeria in general and South East, Nigeria in particular. Several buildings have collapsed in Nigeria, many of which are neither reported, documented nor investigated. Although, the number of reported incidences of building collapses; is only an significant percentage of the overall building collapses that have occurred in Nigeria, the frequency, severity and spread of the reported incidents, are quite alarming. In fact many of these building collapse cases, which are neither reported, documented nor investigation, occurred in South Eastern region of Nigeria. These incidents of building collapse have resulted into colossal human, material and financial losses to the region. This underscores the need to investigate building collapses and causes in South Eastern region of Nigeria. The questionnaire method of survey, was employed in the investigation. The survey revealed that South Eastern region, has experienced high and ever-increasing incidents of building collapses. Most of the collapsed buildings were privately owned-, storeyed- and reinforced-concrete buildings under construction. The seven major causes of the building collapse in South East, Nigeria, were sub-standard building materials, ineffective supervision/monitoring, bad workmanship, non-adherence/ non-enforcement of codes and regulations, no/faulty design of buildings, natural and fire disasters, and lack of maintenance culture. However, the incidents of building collapse, could be eliminated or reduced to the barest minimum by reviewing, updating, enacting and enforcing the National Building Code Bill; providing adequate laboratories, equipment and machinery nationwide for conducting requisite tests; and ensuring the adoption of maintenance culture and performance of periodic integrity tests.

Keywords: Survey, Building Collapse, Characteristics, Causes, South East, Nigeria.

Title: A SURVEY OF BUILDING COLLAPSE AND CAUSES IN NIGERIA: CASE OF SOUTH EASTERN REGION

Author: Onwuka, U. S., Onwuka, D. O., Ubani, E. C., Anyanwu, C. I., Echeme, I.I., Nwachukwu, I.M.

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 128-143

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Published Date: 12-February-2025

Abstract: This research work assessed the tensile strength and ductility of reinforcing steel bars used in the construction of collapsed building projects in South East, Nigeria. The method adopted in the work was laboratory experimentation and testing of the tensile strength and ductility of the reinforcing steel bars. The results obtained revealed that fifteen percent (15%) of the reinforcing steel bars used in the collapsed buildings under study, were of good quality another fifteen percent (15%) were of satisfactory quality, while seventy percent (70%) were poor quality reinforcing steel bars. On the other hand, fifty five percent (55%) of the reinforcing steel were ductile, while forty five percent (45%) of them, were brittle in nature. Thus a substantial quantity of reinforcing steel bars available in building material market in South East, Nigeria, are both weak and brittle in nature. This implies that there is a high probability that any steel acquired and deployed for construction of buildings, may be sub-standard. It is therefore, recommended that all reinforcing steel bars must be tested to determine their quality and hence their suitability for building construction

Keywords: Tensile strength, Ductility, Reinforcing steel, Concrete and Collapsed Building Structures.

Title: INVESTIGATION OF THE TENSILE STRENGTHS AND DUCTILITY OF REINFORCING STEEL USED IN COLLAPSED BUILDING PROJECTS IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA

Author: ONWUKA, U. S. , ONWUKA, D. O., UBANI, E. C., ANYANWU, C. I., ECHEME, I. I., NWACHUKWU, I. M.

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 123-127

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Published Date: 12-February-2025

Abstract: Recently, there has been a growing interest in utilizing agro-waste as a source of supplementary cementitious material (SCMs) in construction. - SCMs are commonly used as partial cement substitutes to enhance material performance and reduce the environmental impact of construction. However, their reliance on industrial by-products raises concerns about future availability, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. Agro-waste with pozzolanic properties offers a promising solution by repurposing agricultural residues into effective binders. One such agro-waste is date palm fronds ash (DPFA), evaluated as an additive in cement mortar at replacement levels of 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight. Key parameters studied included flowability, wet density, air content, compressive strength, and flexural strength. Results showed that DPFA reduced flowability and wet density while increasing air content. The optimal performance was achieved at 10% replacement, balancing strength and sustainability, while up to 30% replacement provided acceptable strength for various applications. Although flexural strength decreased compared to the control, higher DPFA levels showed improvement over time, demonstrating long-term potential. From a sustainability perspective, incorporating DPFA addresses agro-waste disposal while reducing the carbon footprint of cement production by lowering clinker demand. This aligns with global efforts to adopt eco-friendly practices, highlighting DPFA’s role in advancing sustainable and resource-efficient construction solutions.

Keywords: The Date Palm Frond Ash, mortar, compressive strength, flowability, air content.

Title: Investigation of the Potential Use of Date Palm Fronds Ash (DPFA) as a Partial Replacement for Cement in Mortar

Author: Magdi H. Almabrok, Rajab Abousnina

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 111-122

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Published Date: 05-February-2025

Abstract: Epoxy resins have emerged as a reliable solution for repairing and preventing cracks in concrete structures, offering enhanced durability, strength, and resistance to environmental factors (Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2021). This research explores the application of epoxy in mitigating the effects of concrete cracking, focusing on the effectiveness of epoxy injection techniques, the benefits of epoxy coatings, and the impact on concrete’s structural integrity (Construction and Building Materials, 2019). The study examines various epoxy formulations, surface preparation techniques, and their performance in different environmental conditions. Epoxy’s ability to bond tightly with concrete, restore load-bearing capacity, and provide waterproofing makes it a superior choice for both residential and industrial concrete repairs (Construction Technology Reviews, 2020). The findings suggest that, while epoxy provides long-term benefits, proper application methods and environmental considerations are critical for maximizing its effectiveness.

Keywords: concrete structures, concrete cracking, durability, strength.

Title: Methods to Reduce Cracks in Concrete

Author: Younis. R. M. H. Ali

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 108-110

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Published Date: 20-January-2025

Abstract: Concrete is one of the most essential and widely used construction materials in modern architecture and civil engineering due to its remarkable properties and advantages. Its exceptional strength, durability, fire resistance, and versatility make it ideal for a wide range of structures, from residential buildings to complex infrastructure projects. This material is composed primarily of cement, water, aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone), and, in some cases, additives or admixtures that enhance specific properties (Mehta & Monteiro, 2014). The adaptability of concrete in terms of shape and size, its ability to withstand extreme environmental conditions, and its relatively low cost contribute to its widespread use (Neville, 2011). Additionally, innovations in concrete technology, such as the development of sustainable or “green” concrete, are addressing environmental concerns associated with its production and disposal (Scrivener & Kirkpatrick, 2008). This abstract provides an overview of the key reasons behind the widespread use of concrete in building construction, along with its essential properties and the ongoing advancements in the field.

Keywords: construction materials, modern architecture, civil engineering.

Title: WHY WE USE CONCRETE IN BUILDING

Author: Younis. R. M. H. Ali

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 105-107

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Published Date: 20-January-2025

Abstract: The incorporation of carbon fiber into concrete is a relatively new approach aimed at improving the mechanical properties and durability of conventional concrete. Carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) is engineered by integrating carbon fibers into the concrete mix, enhancing its tensile strength, flexural strength, and crack resistance. Additionally, CFRC has been shown to improve the material’s resistance to various environmental factors such as freeze-thaw cycles, chemical attacks, and abrasion. This paper explores the potential benefits of using carbon fiber in concrete, evaluates its effects on concrete’s structural performance, and discusses the challenges associated with its adoption in large-scale construction. The utilization of carbon fibers can pave the way for more sustainable, long-lasting infrastructure with reduced maintenance costs.

Keywords: Carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC), mechanical properties, concrete mix, concrete’s structural performance.

Title: Improving Concrete Properties

Author: Younis. R. M. H. Ali

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 102-104

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Published Date: 20-January-2025

Abstract: In modern building design and construction, various forms of isolation are employed to improve the functionality, safety, and comfort of structures. These isolation techniques can be categorized into thermal, acoustic, vibration, moisture, seismic, fire, and wind isolation. Thermal isolation ensures energy efficiency by regulating temperature, while acoustic and vibration isolation address the need for quieter, more comfortable environments by reducing sound and vibrations. Moisture isolation techniques, such as waterproofing and vapor barriers, protect buildings from water damage and mold growth. Seismic isolation strategies, such as base isolators, are critical in regions with earthquake risks, allowing buildings to absorb and dissipate seismic energy. Fire and wind isolation ensure buildings' resilience against hazards, preventing the rapid spread of fire and damage from high winds. Each isolation technique relies on specialized materials and methods tailored to specific building needs and environmental challenges, enhancing the durability, safety, and efficiency of the structure.

Keywords: modern building design, construction, isolation techniques.

Title: Type of Isolation in Building

Author: Younis. R. M. H. Ali

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 98-101

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Published Date: 20-January-2025

Abstract: Climate change presents significant challenges to civil engineering projects worldwide. This paper examines the diverse impacts of climate change on infrastructure design, construction, and maintenance. Key factors such as increased temperature fluctuations, extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and changing precipitation patterns are analyzed. Additionally, the paper explores adaptive strategies and sustainable practices that can be integrated into engineering projects to mitigate these effects. [1][2]

Keywords: Climate change, civil engineering projects, infrastructure design, construction.

Title: Impact of Climate Change on Civil Engineering Projects

Author: Younis. R. M. H. Ali

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 95-97

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Published Date: 20-January-2025

Abstract: Incorporating glass into concrete offers a sustainable and innovative approach to modern construction. This study examines four key methods of utilizing glass in concrete: substituting traditional aggregates with crushed glass, employing glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC), using finely ground glass powder as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), and integrating decorative glass elements. Crushed glass contributes to waste reduction and resource conservation while improving concrete aesthetics and workability, although its brittleness can limit its structural applications. GFRC enhances tensile strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion, making it suitable for lightweight and architectural elements despite its higher cost. Glass powder, with its pozzolanic properties, improves concrete durability and reduces carbon emissions when used as a partial cement replacement but requires precise processing and mixture adjustments. Decorative glass applications add aesthetic value but require meticulous craftsmanship to ensure durability and safety.

The use of glass in concrete aligns with environmental sustainability goals by reducing landfill waste and lowering the construction industry's carbon footprint. Although challenges like brittleness, reactivity, and cost must be addressed, this paper highlights glass's potential to enhance the environmental, functional, and aesthetic qualities of concrete. Proper mix designs and application-specific testing are essential for optimizing these benefits.

Keywords: Sustainable Construction, Glass-Reinforced Concrete, Recycled Glass Aggregates, Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Eco-Friendly Concrete.

Title: Using Glass in Concrete Components

Author: Younis. R. M. H. Ali

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 89-94

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Published Date: 18-January-2025

Abstract: The cement industry is undergoing a technological revolution, fuelled by advances aimed at increasing efficiency, lowering environmental impact, and boosting material performance. This study investigates the most recent developments in cement manufacture, ranging from alternative materials to sustainable manufacturing procedures. It looks into the possibility of revolutionary technologies like carbon capture, waste product reuse, 3D printing, and high-performance concretes. The challenges and opportunities presented by these technologies will also be examined, emphasising their potential to revolutionise both the construction industry and the larger environmental situation.

Keywords: New Technologies, cement industry, technological revolution, boosting material performance.

Title: New Technologies in Cement

Author: Younis. R. M. H. Ali

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 86-88

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Published Date: 17-January-2025

Abstract: This study explores the differences between concrete blocks and white blocks, two commonly used materials in the construction industry. Concrete blocks, typically made from a mixture of cement, sand, and aggregates, are known for their strength, durability, and versatility in various building applications. In contrast, white blocks, which are often composed of materials such as lightweight aggregates or aerated concrete, are valued for their lighter weight, thermal insulation properties, and aesthetic appeal. The paper examines key factors such as material composition, structural performance, thermal efficiency, cost, environmental impact, and applications. It highlights how concrete blocks are more commonly used for load-bearing walls and structural integrity, while white blocks are preferred for non-load-bearing applications where insulation and appearance are priorities. Additionally, the study addresses the environmental implications of both materials, focusing on sustainability and resource consumption. Ultimately, the comparison provides insights into the strengths and limitations of each material, helping to inform material selection based on specific project requirements and objectives.

Keywords: concrete blocks, white blocks, strength, durability, construction industry.

Title: Different Between Concert Blocks and White Blocks

Author: Younis. R. M. H. Ali

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 82-85

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Published Date: 17-January-2025

Abstract: Disagreements between construction parties to reach an agreed upon solution are common and frequent in the construction industry across the globe. Construction disputes waste time and resources and result in delays to the completion of projects. Clauses are added in contracts to facilitate the cooperation to reach agreements instead of legal escalations in court. Sometimes, these clauses cause more harm than good because of the provision of conflicting terms that culminate in legal conflicts, which invariably bring undesirable results to the projects. As the construction projects offer opportunities to contributed firms, they also increase the risk of disputes through disagreement or ambiguity within mutually agreed contracts. The selected dispute resolution method plays a significant role that mitigates the risk of escalation. The dispute to the level that reaches the legal courts and impacts the construction projects performance. This review sheds light on the major construction projects and contract dispute causes and recommendations.

Keywords: Contracting, Dispute, Claim.

Title: Causes of Disputes in Construction Projects

Author: Nasser Majrashi

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 75-81

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Published Date: 18-December-2024

Abstract: This paper investigates the torsional-flexural buckling behavior of thin-walled columns with single symmetric open sections. It focuses on deriving and solving the buckling equations for these specific column configurations. The analysis reduces the problem to a system of algebraic eigenvalue-eigenvector problems, identifying the critical buckling loads and modes. The buckling behavior is described by a system of three homogeneous differential equations, with two uncoupled equations, simplifying the analysis. Numerical examples illustrate that critical buckling loads decrease as column length increases, highlighting the relationship between length and stability. The results were validated through comparisons with established methods, including the differential equations method by Jerath (2020) and the equilibrium of deformed shape approach by Iyengar (1988), both of which show consistent results. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the stability of thin-walled columns, providing essential insights for structural design and safety.

Keywords: Single symmetric section, thin-walled column, flexural-torsional buckling, Ritz method, eigenvalue-eigenvector problem.

Title: TORSIONAL-FLEXURAL BUCKLING OF THIN-WALL COLUMN OF SINGLE SYMMETRICAL OPEN SECTION USING RITZ METHOD

Author: Nwachukwu Ikenna Marcel, David Ogbonna Onwuka, Ulari Sylvia Onwuka, F. C. Njoku, O. M. Ibearugbulem, I. C. Onyechere

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 59-74

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Published Date: 12-December-2024

Abstract: The complex nature of slope engineering presents challenges in accurately predicting slope stability with traditional methods. Identifying the appropriate techniques for slope stability prediction is essential in mitigating the risks associated with slope failures. This study conducts a thorough analysis of two boosting machine learning models: Adaboost and LightGBM. By evaluating a wide range of hyperparameters, the research aims to discover the optimal settings for each model, ultimately leading to effective solutions.Six potentially relevant features were identified as key indicators for prediction: height (H), pore water ratio (ru), unit weight (Ƴ), cohesion (c), slope angle (β), and angle of internal friction (ɸ). The models were assessed using evaluation indicators such as AUC and accuracy, revealing that LightGBM significantly outperformed the Adaboost model, achieving an impressive AUC of 0.878 and an accuracy of 0.803. Furthermore, real-world engineering examples illustrate the effectiveness of LightGBM as a predictive tool for slope stability. Its enhanced capacity and efficiency in deformation prediction positions it as a leading instrument for accurate forecasting in this field. To deepen the understanding of these models, a comprehensive analysis of parameter sensitivity was also conducted, highlighting the most significant characteristics contributing to reliable slope stability predictions.

Keywords: adaboost, lightgbm, slope stability, finite element, machine learning.

Title: Utilizing Boosting Machine Learning Techniques for Slope Stability Prediction

Author: Saurabh Kumar Anuragi

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 53-58

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Published Date: 04-December-2024

Abstract: In this paper, based on Jumarie type of Riemann-Liouville (R-L) fractional calculus and a new multiplication of fractional analytic functions, we find the closed forms of two types of fractional integrals by using some methods. In addition, our results are generalizations of ordinary calculus results. 

Keywords: Jumarie type of R-L fractional calculus, new multiplication, fractional analytic functions, closed forms, fractional integrals.

Title: Research on Some Fractional Integrals Based on A New Multiplication of Fractional Analytic Functions

Author: Chii-Huei Yu

International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research  

ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)

Vol. 12, Issue 2, October 2024 - March 2025

Page No: 48-52

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Published Date: 02-December-2024