Vol 3 Issue 2 April 2015-June 2015

Abstract: Analog to digital conversion is an electronic process that converts a voltage that varies among a infinite number of values to a defined level or status. In this paper Heterogeneous encoder is proposed. Flash ADC structure is faster in digital conversion and use resistor ladder to compare between the input voltages and reference voltages. These designs consume more power and also have more delay. Therefore threshold inverter quantization (TIQ) based comparator has been introduced. TIQ technique uses the two cascading inverter as voltage comparator followed by a encoder, it provides the reduction in power and mostly use in battery operated devices. The heterogeneous encoder is proposed in this paper to get higher speed and to reduce power consumption. The Simulated results with 180nm CMOS technology in CADENCE VIRTUOSO platform shows that the proposed design achieves high speed and low power consumption compared to other analog to digital converters.

Keywords: Analog to Digital Converter, Flash ADC, Threshold inverter quantization, Encoder.

Title: Low-Power Heterogeneous Encoder Based 4-Bit Flash ADC Using TIQ

Author: Piyush Kumar

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: This paper describes a comparison between a polymer and porcelain insulator subjected to salt polluted condition. Exposure test at laboratory was carried according to IEC 60507 out and flashover behavior of insulators at different contamination level was observed. The insulators were manufactured with same profile of the electrodes and had the same number of sheds to get result which were easy to compare. The influence of the different salt contamination level was observed for both porcelain and polymer insulator and a comparison was made between both insulators on the basis of the effect of similar type of salt contamination level for both insulators. Porcelain insulator surface is less hydrophobic as compared to polymer insulator surface.

Keywords: Porcelain insulator, Polymer insulator, Flashover voltage, Contamination level, Flashover characte ristic.

Title: Comparison of Breakdown Voltage of Ceramic and Non-Ceramic Insulator by the Effect of Different Levels of Salt Contamination

Author: Nillav Dhagat, A. Pachori

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: Capacitive sensing is a noncontact technology suitable for detecting metals, nonmetals, solids, and liquids, although it is best suited for nonmetallic targets because of its characteristics and cost relative to inductive proximity sensors. In this paper extension of capacitive proximity sensor is shown. The extension is an increase in sensitivity to detect the small changes in capacitance associated with objects at a certain distance from, instead of coming in contact with, the electrode. The sensitivity is a function of the electrode size, ground coupling, and the measurement mechanism. For the proximity capacitive sensing Arduino is a best tool for making such kind of project work that can sense and control more of the physical world than your computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board. Here in this project we have used Arduino board which contain Atmel MEGA32U4 microcontroller. The ATmega32U4 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega32U4 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designed to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. In this paper, I am presenting one project which can sense live human or conductive material from distance by proximity capacitive touch sensor controllers MPR121 and plays .mp3 file using this audio codec Ic VS1053b through SD card & 3.5 mm jack Speaker.

Keywords: Capacitive proximity sensor, Midi player, Arduino board, Q matrix E- Field base measurement, speaker. 

Title: Arduino Base Capacitive Proximity Sensor With Midiplayer

Author: Mohit Parbat, Mukesh Tiwari, Jaikaran Singh

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: The paper presents the most recent results of an advance experimental research in the area of cooling and ageing processes taking place in large power transformers in oil-paper insulation. It is broadly accepted that the life of a power transformer is the life of the oil/ paper insulating system, also the fact that most failures in their final on electro-mechanical base such as a short temperature increment or a mechanical failure. During the natural ageing of transformers, the insulation of winding, which is cellulose paper, deteriorates. Cellulose insulation degrades due to heating or electrical Breakdown, resulting in the production of furfural derivatives, which dissolve in oil. Hence, the chemical analysis of the Transformer oil gives evidence of changes that are taking Place in the winding insulation during operating. Deterioration in transformer cellulose decreases both its electrical and mechanical strength. The “Rule of 6” (based upon the Arrhenius Equation of chemical reaction time v/s temperature) can be adapted to approximate the relationship between insulation life and total operating temperature. This rule states that if a transformer’s maximum operating temperature is reduced by 6°C, the thermal life of the insulation system is approximately doubled. Conversely, if the total operating temperature is raised by 6°C, the thermal life expectancy of the insulation system is reduced by one half. The goal of this discussion is to use all necessary measures to prevent the inevitable shortening of the traditionally expected life-time of 40 years in newer transformer and discussion to increase some year of transformer life.

Keywords: Transformer lifetime, OFAFWF cooling, insulation ageing, temperature, water coolant.

Title: Advance Cooling Technique of Large Power Transformer and Impacts of Cooling On the Age of Transformer

Author: Manmohan Prajapati, A. Pachori

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract:  In this paper we present a quantum transport study of quantum dot in steady state in presence of static gate potential. We consider a quantum dot coupled to the two metallic leads. The quantum dot under study is modelled through Anderson Impurity Model (AIM) and the hopping parameter modulated through voltage drop between leads and the dot central region. Based on the Landauers formula derived from Non Equilibrium Greens Function and Single electron theory, the essential ingredients of transport properties are revealed. We show that the results out of two approaches closely agree with each other.

Keywords: Green Function, Quantum Dot, Single Electron Method, Nano electronics.

Title: Non-Equilibrium Charge Transport in Quantum Dots: NEGF and Single Electron Approaches

Author: Mahesh Koti, Dr. Vinaydatt V Kohir

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: The goal of High Efficiency DC-DC Power Electronics Converter for testing purpose is to design and test a functional proof of concept of a high efficiency DC-DC power electronics converter. This paper presents the analysis and design of a new DC-DC converter applied to industrial heating purposes and testing of transformer oils, insulators etc. The proposed converter can operate with PWM using energy storage elements, filters etc., to generate output voltage greater than input. Moreover this topology is to generate transient output voltage and therefore current in the load is reduced for the same power of output. As a result, the converter efficiency is significantly improved to a far extent.

Keywords: DC-DC, PWM.

Title: High Efficiency DC-DC Power Electronics Converter for Testing Purpose

Author: K. Nishad, R. Gunaa Jerre, J. Mohan

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: Non-linearity effects arise as optical data rates, transmission lengths, number of wavelengths, and optical power levels are increased. The only worries that plagued optical fiber in the early day were fiber attenuation and, sometimes, fiber dispersion; however, these issues are easily dealt with using a variety of dispersion avoidance and cancellation techniques. Fiber non-linearities present a new realm of obstacle that must be overcome. These non-linearities previously appeared in specialized applications such as undersea installations. System designers must be aware of these limitations and the steps that can be taken to minimize the detrimental effects of fiber nonlinearities. One of the most important changes in fiber-optic communication systems brought about by EDFA (Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers) is the expansion of regenerator spacing up to transoceanic distances. However, a new problem has arisen, e.g., the accumulation of fiber non-linearities along the links with the increase in optical power levels. In optical communication systems, the input signal to the fiber is usually a composite optical signal modulated with information bit streams. When all the input signal frequencies interact due to fiber non-linearities, the output bit stream may behave in a complicated way giving adverse effects on system performance. Therefore, it is important to understand fiber non-linearities and their effects on optical communication systems. Here, we investigate power effects on simulation of optical communication systems with self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross phase modulation(XPM), by using the parametric run feature in OptSim (version 5.4). By varying the dispersion values, SPM grows and depletes the signal, and the measured power actually decreases with the increasing of the transmitted power. The eye diagram highlights the conversion due to the SPM and XPM. Specifically the eye opening decreases with increasing transmitted power.

Keywords:  SPM, XPM, Kerr effect.

Title: Impact of Fiber Non-Linearities in Performance of Optical Communication

Author: Narender Kumar Sihval, Vivek Kumar Malik

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: In mobile ad hoc network routing across the network is exploring to its heights. Much of the network performance is based on the end to end routing with minimum distortion. In order to avoid the complexity, a simple slotted aloha is chosen as the medium access control for link layer operation. Joint routing, access probability and rate allocation across the network is being formulated. In addition a XOR network coding is inculcated which helps to increase the performance of the network. The novel part of the project is that joint routing provides a significant increase in the throughput in the presence of the physical interference. Simulation results show that gradual increase in the throughput as the transmission power in increased in steps.

Keywords:  Medium access control, network coding, routing, throughput, transmission rate.

Title: Performance Analysis of Network Parameters, Throughput Optimization Using Joint Routing, XOR Routing and Medium Access Control in Wireless Multihop Network

Author: Dr. Anuradha M. S., Ms. Anjali kulkarni

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: A smart grid is an evolved grid system that manages electricity demand in a sustainable, reliable and economic manner, built on advanced infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all involved. In the world of the Smart Grid, consumers and utility companies alike have tools to manage, monitor and respond to energy issues. The flow of electricity from utility to consumer becomes a two-way conversation. Smart grids will provide more electricity to meet rising demand, increase reliability and quality of power supplies, increase energy efficiency, is able to integrate carbon free energy sources into power networks. One of the most important ways you can get involved with the Smart Grid is to take advantage of time-of-use programs. Smart meters and home energy management systems allow customers to program how and when their home uses energy. Throughout the day the demand for energy changes. It’s usually lowest in the middle of the night and highest from about noon to 9 p.m., but it can vary according to weather patterns and what’s happening during that time. Power plants and utilities have to work harder to meet the needs of electric consumers when the demand is highest. Time-of-use rates encourage you to use energy when the demand is low by giving you a lower price for electricity during those times. With a home computer or hand-held mobile device, you will be able to see when prices are highest and be alerted when prices go up, so you can remotely turn off unnecessary appliances until demand lowers and prices go back down. So because of these benefits smart grid is future for electrical systems.

Keywords: Smart Meter, Smart grid, PMU, time-of-use programs.

Title: Smart Grid-Future for Electrical Systems

Author: K.M. Ravi Eswar

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: The Techniques of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) implemented with finite step model predictive control (FSMPC) for the application of Γ -source inverter presented in this paper. Incremental conductance MPPT algorithm and FSMPC model is developed to control the output current of the Γ source inverter in order to extract maximum solar power from the panel. Impedance-source inverters are inverters with voltage-buck-boost capability that cannot be achieved by the traditional inverters. Their boost capability is introduced by shorting their phase-legs without causing damages. Present impedance-source inverters are however burdened by their low modulation ratio at high input-to-output gain. Such low modulation usually leads to high voltage stresses across the components and poor spectral performance at the inverter output. To avoid these problems, inverters with coupled transformers have been introduced, but they usually lead to high turns ratio, and hence many winding turns, at high gain. An alternative would then be the Γ -source inverters proposed in the paper, whose gain is raised by lowering their turns ratio towards unity. The output current, passive component voltage and current are well regulated with proposed MPPT based FSMPC control strategy.

Keywords:  MPPT–maximum power point tracking, FSMPC-finite step model protective control, PCC- Predictive current control, PWM-,Pulse with modulation TSI- t-source inverter ,SPV-solar photo voltaic, DM-differential mode, MPP–maximum power point.

Title: Design of Γ-Source Inverter with Finite Step Model Predictive Control Strategy

Author: K. Gopalakrishnan, E. Prasannakumar

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: The conventional I- and T-type three level neutral-point-clamped (3L-NPC) inverter for low-voltage renewable energy systems is generally used in this paper. Three-level low-voltage 1-phase inverters used over the last years. For high switching frequencies, converter efficiency suffers and can be kept high only by employing cost intensive switch technology such as MOSFET switches therefore, conventional IGBT technology still prevails. In this paper, the alternative of using five-level converters for low voltage applications is addressed. The performance and the competitiveness of the five-level T-type NPC Inverter is analyzed in detail. The 5L NPC inverter basically combines the positive aspects of the five-level inverter such as low conduction losses, small part count and a simple operation principle with the advantages of the five-level converter such as low switching losses and superior output voltage quality. It is, therefore considered to be a real alternative to three-level inverters for certain   low voltage applications. Here Cool MOSFET replaced for IGBT+Diode middle bidirectional switch. Therefore, it can reduce the current path in the zero vector conduction due to replacing Cool MOSFET. It has low on state resistance so voltage drop soundly reduced. Increasing the voltage level MOSFET up to five levels for getting lower Harmonics distortion.

Keywords: NPC–Neutral point clamp, IGBT-Insulated gate bipolar transistor, and MOSFET-metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor.

Title: Design of Five Level T-Type Neutral-Point Clamped Inverter Using Cool-MOSFET for Solar Energy System

Author: G. Karthick, E. Prasanna Kumar

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: 6G Internet is a company with a mission to connect people. While we are succeeding at establishing the UK’s fastest wireless broadband connection on a national level, we have our roots firmly placed in the north west of England – a region of innovation and collaboration. Many years ago, Blackburn and Darwen formed one of the key areas of the Industrial Revolution and its history continues to positively shape its future. Few locations are as receptive to new ideas, cultures and ways of doing business. Nobody knows this better than The Hive Network. At 6G Internet, we are proud to be a part of the local business community and genuinely believe that our product is essential to casting that net even wider. In this digital age, a fast, secure and scalable internet connection has evolved from being a luxury to an essential. Unfortunately, the traditional, national providers have shunned the community, delaying or cancelling much needed infrastructure overhauls, leaving Blackburn and Darwen with a muted digital presence.6G’s revolutionary radio-style Air Fiber technology uses masts and transceivers on tall buildings and even lamp posts to create a local network capable of delivering phenomenal speeds instead of disappointing averages. With our headquarters and core network anchored faithfully in the north west, 6G’s converged network provides locals with a truly all-in-one solution: uploads, downloads, superfast broadband, multiple line telephones, CCTV monitoring, video conferencing – every telecommunications requirement your business needs is catered for with 6G.The whole idea of 6G aligns perfectly with The Hive Network’s own goals: to strengthen a local network so it can reach out and continue to grow. Our aim is to empower the community with world class broadband capabilities, establishing a future-proof groundwork for new ideas and opportunities to build on. The Communications Revolution starts here.

Keywords: 1G,2G,3G,4G,5G,6G,7G, TDMA, CDMA, GSM, smart antenna, Hierarchical Cellular Structure.

Title: Future of Wireless Technology 6G & 7G

Author: RUKMANI KHUTEY, GHANKUNTLA RANA, VIJAY DEWANGAN, ANIL TIWARI, ADARSH DEWAMNGAN

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: This paper presents the work done about the Low Power RF Transceivers. This paper includes both theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part it covers Receiver Architectures and Digital Modulation Schemes. On the other hand the practical part covers the design simulation Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) that includes the analysis, design, simulation and fabrication.

The purpose of LNA is to amplify the received RF signal by keeping the noise factor as low as possible. The design simulation of this paper involves the analysis of GaAs field effect transistor stability and matching network selection.

The aim of this paper is to design and fabricate an LNA with the gain of 5-12 dB over the frequency of 2.4GHz. To achieve this goal the software used is industry standard Advanced Design System (ADS). Low Noise Amplifier is working on the desired frequency of 2.4 GHz and giving an acceptable gain of 9.593dB.

Keywords: LNA, Receiver Architectures and Digital Modulation Schemes.

Title: Low Power RF Transceivers

Author: Mr. Zohaib Latif, Dr. Amir Masood Khalid, Mr. Uzair Saeed

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: Power system is subjected to sudden changes in load levels. Stability is an important concept which determines the stable operation of power system. In general rotor angle stability is taken as index, but the concept of transient stability, which is the function of operating condition and disturbances deals with the ability of the system to remain intact after being subjected to abnormal deviations. A system is said to be synchronously stable (i.e., retain synchronism) for a given fault if the system variables settle down to some steady-state values with time, after the fault is removed.

For the improvement of transient stability the general methods adopted are fast acting exciters, circuit breakers and reduction in system transfer reactance. The modern trend is to employ FACTS devices in the existing system for effective utilization of existing transmission resources. These FACTS devices contribute to power flow improvement besides they extend their services in transient stability improvement as well.

In this thesis, the studies had been carried out in order to improve the Transient Stability of WSCC 9 Bus System with Fixed Compensation on Various Lines and Optimal Location has been investigated using trajectory sensitivity analysis for better results.

In this thesis, in order to improve the Transient Stability margin further series FACTS device has been implemented. A fuzzy controlled Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC) device has been used here and the results highlight the effectiveness of the application of a TCSC in improving the transient stability of a power system.

Keywords: Dynamic Stability fuzzy controller, generator modelling, loads, multi-machine, Transient stability, TCSC.

Title: Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement Using TCSC with Fuzzy Logic Controller

Author: Ali Qasim Hussein

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: It will be really amazing if we wear a shoe which can make us fly and get us to a destination on which we need to land. The concept of such a shoe, so called “the flying shoe” is surely possible with the amazing technology of magnetic levitation. Magnetic levitation is a technology which works well for the linear motion of an object with the help of electromagnets. This project deals with the shoes which have diamagnetic material attached to their base and flying over a track made up of superconducting material. When the superconducting material is cooled to a certain temperature it acquires the superconducting property due to which it levitates the diamagnetic material above it. The track is also aligned with continuous line of opposite poles of the magnet one after the other. Due to successive attraction and repulsion the shoes start moving along the track which leads to linear motion.

Keywords: Magnetic levitation, flying shoe, diamagnetic material, superconducting coil.

Title: A Shoe Which Makes Us Fly - Flying Shoes

Author: P.SRIMATHI, V.SUDHA

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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