Vol 4 Issue 3 July 2016-September 2016

Abstract: Formation of beam used to access all amplitude and phase of required signals. Current paper describes design and simulation for reduced size of Microstrip patch antenna with parallel power divider operating at 2.4 GHz. Every Wireless LAN Application always demands for increased bandwidth and better quality of service. Because of much more advantages such as less cost, easy fabrication, versatile and flexible, Microstrip patch antennas are widely used. The practical operation of this microstrip patch antenna has been simulated on 4×1 microstrip patch antenna with consists of Power Divider. Results from simulation are observed by Ansoft HFSS version13 software in terms of Return loss, VSWR, radiation and Beam patterns. Microstrip patch antenna with Power Divider has been fabricated on FR4/Rogers PCB. Simulated and measured results show good performance and analysis. The proposed Microstrip patch antenna will be connected by 50 Ω Microstrip feed line. Phased antenna array may be to use a switched radiation pattern or to scan Beam of antenna rapidly in angle of azimuth or elevation. Patch antenna arrays are used in mobile communications. Keywords: Microstrip patch antenna, Phased antenna array, Mobile communication, 50 Ω feed line. Title: Design and Performance Analysis of Corporate Feed Antenna Array for WLAN Application at 2.4 GHz Author: Prajakta Uday Chavan, Dr. Mousami V. Munot International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Ultra-high voltage DC (UHVDC) transmission systems are among the most promising systems to transmit power for distances up to 3000 km and ultra-voltage up to 2200 KVDC. One of the most challenging issues associated with UHVDC is the conversion of power at the receiving end of UHVDC transmission systems. This paper proposes a pulse-width modulation (PWM) algorithm based on flooring technique for modular multilevel converters (MMCs) to be used with a large scale of submodules per arm that can convert UHVDC 2200 KV and more to UHVAC, reducing total harmonics distortion (THD) for UHVAC less than 1%. A literature review concerns MMC topology and control. Generating insertion indices for number of submodule per arm (N) is derived first. Second, flooring switching PWM is explained to generate number of inserted and bypassed submodules per arm. Third, analysis of the balancing of the submodules voltages and submodules selection, the key technique to achieve insertion and equalization between arm submodules, is proposed and verified by simulation and experiment. Fourth, a set of simulation results for DC bus 2200 KV and 481- level for the output voltage conducted in MATLAB/Simulink environment verify the proposed algorithm. Finally, the prototype’s hardware design and software design verify the proposed PWM algorithm experimentally. This paper shows the experimental results. Keywords: Modular Multilevel Converter, MMC with Large Number of Submodules. Title: Power Conversion for UHVDC to UHVAC Based on Using MMC with Large Scale of Output Voltage Level Author: Abd Almula Gebreel International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The law of Ohm, didn’t describe right the flowed electricity, us I am accepting and describing. So, it didn’t graduate right the escalation of the electric current (the Ampere’s law must be changed), and they didn’t count right the unit and the graduation of the magnetic field. I proposed an in forced method, for correct counting of it. The dielectric constant must be equal to one (1) and in System Internasional, so the Coulomb’s law is consequent, and it will be changed the unit of the electric charge, and the capacities of the capacitors. New unit of the voltage ‘l be found and a new diamagnetic constant ‘l be in force. New self-inductions ‘l be in force. New frequencies of the circuits Thompson ‘l be accepted. New constants of the element charges, and new masses of the electrons and protons, neutrons etc will be in force. Keywords: The Electric Current, System Internasional, diamagnetic constant. Title: The Methods Of The Graduation Of The Electomagnetism Sizes With The Theory As Fluid The Electric Current And The Consequences In The Modern Physics Author: Alekos Charalampopoulos International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The theory that the apparatus of counting of electric power and energy is in force, is wrong. The right formula of the electric power, is that it is analog in the third power of the electric current. The velocity of the current charges that pass through the apparatus, is analog to the linear velocity of the rotated disk of the apparatus, on the position the friction of a magnet is in force. This means that we must take the rotation of the disk in the third power. We ignore the other constants that appear in the formula of electric power and we consider their rotations in the third power, so that the units of the cost calculation of electric power and energy be given. Keywords: Cost Calculation, Electric Power, Electric Current. Title: The Method of the Cost Calculation of the Electric Power of the Companies Supplying Electric Current Author: Alekos Charalampopoulos International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: At a time when the world is battling with global recession, the aim of all developing countries is to attain the ‘developed’ status. However, the situation seems to be turning from bad to worse for many of them. Increased inflation, high interest rate, reduced consumer confidence and real wages, fall in oil price, terrorism, low agricultural output, etc. are some of the factors considered to be responsible for such economy decline. Deployment of robots is one approach experts believe can help turn the tide. The aim of this paper is to present a review of the use of robots as facilitators of socio-economic growth and national development. Nuclear power plants, military/security, industries, Medical science, Agriculture, Education are the identified areas of application of robots which can have huge positive effect on socio-economic growth of any nation. Keywords: Robot, social, economic, development, growth, robotics. Title: Use of Robots as Facilitators of Socio-Economic Growth and National Development: A Review Author: S. D. Fabiyi, A. O. Abdulmalik, A. J. Falade International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Attendance system is a system that is used to track the attendance of a particular person and is applied in the industries, schools, universities or working places. The traditional way for taking attendance has drawback, which is the data of the attendance list cannot be reuse and tracking and tracing student’s attendance is harder. The technology-based attendance system such as sensors and biometrics based attendance system reduced human involvement and errors. Thus in this paper, a multi touch sensor based attendance system is presented. A comparative study between Our Proprietary Touch Sensor, NFC and RFID is also discussed thoroughly, especially in terms of their architectures, functionality features, benefits and weakness. Overall, even both NFC and RFID attendance system increases the efficiency in recording attendance, touch sensor based system is providing more conveniences and cheaper infrastructure in both operational and setup cost as compared to the first two. Keywords: Attendance system, Multi Touch Sensors, Near field communication (NFC), Radio frequency Identification (RFID), Smart Chairs, Automatic Presence Detection. Title: Smart Class Room Attendance System Based on Proprietary Automatic Student Sensing Classroom Chairs Author: Jawaaz Ahmad, Zahid Gulzar Khaki International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: In this article, the implementation of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach for obstacle avoidance in Mobile Robots is presented. A basic method to interpret the data from the proximity sensors and a single layer feed forward Neural Network algorithm for the navigation control is proposed. The proximity sensor array outputs are arranged in combinations of ‘0’ and ‘1’. This strategy allows training the Neural Network using only one type of sensor to detect the presence of obstacle. A suitable algorithm is applied for adjusting the network weights. User directed the robot through a GUI. In addition to this, the speed control of Mobile robot is achieved by a Proportional- Integral controller. The trained neural network has been tested with the real sensor data. The robot has been wirelessly connected with the Neural Network controller. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in mobile robot navigation. The training of Neural Network is carried out by using MATLAB platform. Keywords: Artificial Neural Network; Navigation Control; PI; Mobile Robot; MATLAB. Title: Feed-forward Neural Network approach in Navigation control and P-I speed control of Mobile Robot Author: Jeffina Stephens S, Maheshan C M, Prasanna Kumar H International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: In a mobile ad-hoc network routing optimization for saving energy has become one of notable aspect in the wireless sensor network (WSN) routing protocol conception, because more often sensor nodes provided with a bounded non rechargeable battery power. In order to lower energy absorption and increase network lifetime data relayed in one-dimensional queuing network. A theory of Opportunistic routing principle and multi-hop relay selection to enhance the network energy effectiveness is done depending on deviation between sensor nodes, with respect to range towards sink and residual energy among all nodes. Particularly, an Energy saving Opportunistic Routing (ENS_OR) principle is constructed to guarantee lower power cost at the time of packet relay and safeguards nodes by moderately low residual energy. Simulation test details shows that proposed system ENS_OR considerably recuperates network performance by energy saving. Keywords: One-dimension (1-D) queue network, OR, energy efficiency, relay nodes, WSN. Title: RELAY NODE SELECTION USING OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING ALGORITHM IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Author: Shivleela. T , Dr. Anuradha M.S International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: In the wireless sensor network the main issue are energy efficient and reliability. WSN has been widely used for monitoring and control applications in our daily life due to its promising features, such as low costs, low power, easy implementation and easy maintenance. However, most of sensor nodes are equipped with limited non rechargeable battery power. Energy saving optimization, therefore becomes one of major concern in the WSN routing protocol design GTEB routing protocol is proposed to solve the problem of Energy balance and increase network lifetime by balancing traffic load at two levels, over regions and at the nodes in these regions. The energy balance at the region is achieved using EGT while that at the node level is achieved using CGT. This project shows use of EGT and CGT in designing a protocol that offers significant improvement over existing protocols in extending network lifetime. Keywords: Energy balance geographical routing protocol, game theory, GTEB, Random-Random routing protocol. Title: GLOBAL ENERGY BALANCE IN EXTENDING THE LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Author: Dr. ANURADHA M.S, REKHA International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The safety and security of ship is very important, especially in passenger and cargo ships. A large number of human lives have been claimed by many ship related accidents. Fire outbreaks onboard ships is one of such common accident. So safety is critically important in each and every compartment of the ship. Similarly, security is also a big concern, especially in ships with larger capacity. Providing security to every area of the ship is a difficult task. So as part of this project we focus only restricted area where authenticated people can access the control actions. This paper demonstrates, a control and monitoring system in ship based on Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) that ensures both safety and security. Fire detection for safety and iris recognition for security are the two parameters considered in this paper. Fire sensor, Smoke sensor, thermocouple are the sensors used in fire detection. Iris recognition is one of the biometric identification methods, that make use of the unique characteristics of the iris and has many advantages compared to other methods. For authentication, iris images of authorized people are stored in the system and is used for comparison for granting access. Keywords: PLC, Fire sensor, Smoke sensor, Fire detection, Iris recognition. Title: PLC Based Control and Monitoring in Ship Author: Sheena PA, Suneetha M N, Prasanna Kumar H International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Electricity generation from an Air Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell (ACMFC) was investigated in treating real mango pulp waste water. In this study novel ACMFC with combined advantages for simultaneous waste water treatment and energy recovery. ACMFC was operated in batch mode with various external resistances. The mango pulp waste water varied concentration in the range of 50,000 mg COD-L to 1,60,000 mg COD-L. At pH range of 6.5–7.2, the cathode open circuit potential (OCP) was achieved as 1.18 V. The maximum voltage obtained was 1.133 V, with an overall chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 95 %. To estimate the performance of the ACMFC, the electro chemical measurements were carried out these results showed that the air cathode microbial fuel cell produced stable power and a high CE 31.09 %, making it useful for treatment of actual wastewaters. High power density and successive performance as a power generator was characterized based on polarization behavior. The results of recent studies suggest that in future ACMFCs will be of practical use will become a preferred option among sustainable bioenergy processes. Keywords: Air Cathode Microbial fuel cell; mango pulp waste water; self-sustainable waste treatment process; Electricity generation; external resistances. Title: Generation of Electricity from Mango pulp Waste Water using Single Chamber Air Cathode Microbial Fuel Cell Author: Thilak Symonds Kanagaraj, Annadurai Gurusamy International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The optimization of power dissipation has become one of the barriers for scaling of MOSFET to catch up ITRS roadmap. The life time of battery operated devices may be reduced due to the power. In CMOS nano regime technologies, power dissipation plays an important role. In most of the digital systems adder lies in the vital path that enhance the propagation delay of the system. This paper proposes a new three transistor based design with significant area and power savings for ripple carry adder. A comparative study and analysis of various power minimization techniques for ripple carry adder have been presented in this paper and the study shows that three transistor based design is more effective than other existing techniques. The result is validated by Eldo SPICE Simulator in Mentor Graphics at 0.35um CMOS process technology. Keywords: TSMC0.35, Power Optimization, 3T XOR gate, Full Adder, Pseudo NMOS Logic, Ripple Carry Adder. Title: Power Optimization for Ripple Carry Adder with Reduced Transistor Count Author: Manju Bala, Neeraj Gupta, Priti Singh International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: In standard reliability theory, this probabilistic perspective has been generally used to model and analyse the reliability of a product/service. Reliability related measures such as availability, mean time to failure, importance measures, etc. are also based on such probabilistic perspective. When considering electric power system reliability, researchers and analysts are interested in how component outages and repair rates affect the associated overall system rates. Primary interest is devoted to the quantification of system failures; this quantification is then translated to expected system outage rates, mean outage duration and overall downtime. Protective relaying suffers from two types of failures: failure to operate, and unwanted operation. Protection system failures can have significant effect on the continuity of electricity supply to customers, making its reliability evaluation a priceless task. When protection system does not perform its intended operation, catastrophic failures can occur which leads to significant amount of customer interruptions and in some cases isolation of the power system. A well-designed protection system responds to the predefined abnormal conditions in an expected time delay without causing other backup systems to react and probably disconnect healthy neighbour components from the circuit. In the work presented, nine state Markov Model is used for the analysis unavailability probability. Keywords: Reliability, Catastrophic Failure, Repaired rates, Mean time to failure, Markov model. Title: COMPONENT AND PROTECTION FAILURE EFFECTS ON RELIABILITY ANALYSIS Author: Rajeev Kumar, Neha Verma International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Cadmium chalcogenide semiconductor, especially doped nanoclusters, have attracted so much concern for their tunability of its electronic properties. Here, the ultra-stable (CdTe)34 core-cage and Ag-doped (CdTe)34 core-cage structure have been investigated by density functional theory. Considering the effect of doping site in Ag-doped (CdTe)34 nanocluster, three possible substitutional sites (S1, S2, S3) are discussed. Based on it, the structural and electrical properties are studied in detail. Indeed, the Ag atom doping affect its original symmetry group and size. Particular attention is paid to the effects of Ag atom doping and substitutional sites. The results show that the Ag-doped (CdTe)34 possess higher stability compared with undoped (CdTe)34 nanocluster, and the stability varies with the different substitutional sites. Furthermore, the energy gap, density of states and charge density distributions have been analyzed, revealing that one new energy level called acceptor level is introduced in the original system. The charge distribution of acceptor level which is between valence band and conduction band, mainly from p-orbital of three Te atoms being around Ag atom and d-orbital of Ag atom. These illustrates metal(Ag atom) doping and substitutional sites are two important factors for its electrical properties. Keywords: Cadmium telluride; Ag doping; Density functional theory; Structural and electrical properties. Title: The theoretical investigation of (CdTe)34 and Ag-doped (CdTe)34 nanoclusters Author: Fengyi Suo, Yonghong Zhang International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Harmonics is the main issue with UPS inverters. Because of the high switching losses incurred by sinusoidal & space vector type of modulation, selective harmonic elimination is coming up as an alternative for SPWM and SVPWM. In this paper the harmonics can be eliminated by the optimal selection of switching angle by using Selective Harmonics Elimination pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM) and adaptive hybrid technique. The adaptive hybrid technique utilizes Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This is tested over a single phase nine level cascaded H bridge inverter with equal DC sources and is simulated under Matlab / Simulink environment. The resultant fundamental and harmonic voltages are analyzed. The results show that there is an effective minimization in harmonics with the switching angles thus obtained by this method. Thus real time switching angle is given by ANN. Hence Total Harmonic Distortion can be minimized Keywords: Harmonics, Multilevel inverter, Artificial Neural network, Particle swarm Optimization, switching angle, UPS. Title: Optimization of THD in Single Phase UPS Inverter Author: E.Anandha Banu, Dr.D.Shalini Punithavathani International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Research Publish Journals