Vol 6 Issue 3 July 2018-September 2018

Abstract: This paper presents a low power, low cost design of PLL (Phase Locked Loop).The proposed PLL comprises of PFD(Phase frequency Detector),CP(Charge Pump), Second order low pass filter as a loop filter and CS-VCO(Current starved- Voltage control Oscillator). The VCO used for the designed. PLL shows higher tuning range i.e. 156MHz- 169.73MHz with low power consumption of 5.55mW, also it is designed such that, it eliminate the function of frequency divider circuit to some extent . The proposed PLL circuit is designed and simulated on Generic 250nm CMOS technology.

Keywords: PLL, PFD, CP, VCO, CS-VCO, CMOS, Power consumption.

Title: Implementation of five-stage CS-VCO circuit on 250nm CMOS Technology for Low Power Digital Applications

Author: Renu Prabha Sahu, Ashish Tiwari

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research  

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: This research automates the etching process which includes light exposition, developing, and etching processes for a pre-sensitized PCB for board sizes ranging from 2” by 4” to 6” by 4”. It integrates a CNC Laser with the developing and etching processes to provide fast, accurate, and reliable etching. Applied-Quantitative type of research was used, which aims to ease the complexity of manual etching while providing better etching experience by comparing data acquired for both type of process. To assure the effectiveness and efficiency of the machine, Speed, Accuracy, and Reliability tests were conducted. The machine was proven accurate and reliable after 8 out of 9 boards passed the continuity test. This paper also contains tables that compares the time consumed using the automated PCB machine and the manual etching.

Keywords: Automation, Etching, Laser, Pre-Sensitized.

Title: Development of an Automated Pre-Sensitized Printed Circuit Board Etching Machine

Author: Engr. Leah Q. Santos, Ronald Andrie P. Corado, Nica Shane T. Malapit, Sheila Ellaine H. Nonog, John Matthews T. Sarno

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research  

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: In distribution system, Power Quality problems affecting sensitive equipment’s. There are different types of problems in power quality. These problems are power factor, reactive power compensation and harmonic distortion. Different types of FACT devices are used. These FACT devices are SVC, STATCOM, IPC, DVR, UPFC, TCSC, TCPST and DSTATCOM. D-STATCOM is a custom power device which is installed in parallel with distribution system. Regarding problems of power quality, these devices are used but for getting better response, D-STATCOM is used. There are various modulation techniques and also control techniques are available for implement these problems. These techniques are PWM, SPWM (modulation techniques) and other techniques are Phase Shift Control, d-q theory, Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) model etc. And with reference frame model using PI controller the DSTATCOM can be controlled. DSTATCOM is used to reduce harmonic distortion, reactive power compensation and power factor improvement. In this paper we control the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) for mitigate harmonic distortion and reactive power compensation. The simulation was carried out with the help of SIMULINK & MATLAB software.

Keywords: reactive power compensation, D-STATCOM, Voltage Source Converter (VSC), PWM, SPWM.

Title: Mitigation of Power Quality Issues and Improvement for D-Statcom in Distribution System: A Review

Author: Gagandeep Singh, Rahul Soni, Arshid Iqbal Khan

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research  

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

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Abstract: Different parts of PCB layout have been studied for understanding their functions and use in PCB designing. PCB is an essential part of electronic circuit board on which electronic components are mounted. The main studied parts are pads, tracks, layers, mask, and silk screen. Some issues about the physical design of PCB such as chassis dimensions, location of input/output connectors, chassis mounting points, component parameters – size, heat dissipation have been studied. Present study is helpfulto the beginners as well as to the under graduate students of Electronics.

Keywords: footprint, heat sink, layer, pad, silk screen, track.

Title: Understanding the parts of PCB Layout

Author: Pravin Bhadane, Suchita Bhangale, Aparna Lal

International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research  

ISSN 2348-6988 (online)

Research Publish Journals