Vol 3 Issue 3 July 2015-September 2015

Abstract: Chlorophyll and Nitrogen are related to each other. Estimating one will give content of other. Many techniques are invented to estimate these two.  Colour Image processing technique is proving to be effective for the estimation of both. The Colour Image Processing technique gives faster and accurate output. In this paper, some of the techniques are reviewed and a method is proposed to estimate Chlorophyll and Nitrogen for Grape using Matlab. The function developed in this method shows the satisfactory correlation with both and gives coefficient of 0.7307 and -0.3 with RMSE of 0.05551 and 0.1302 for Ch and N, respectively. The Chlorophyll and Nitrogen estimated with above shows the average error of -0.38 and -1.08 percent for all samples. Also, the correlation coefficient for estimated values of Ch and N is 0.9426 and -0.7253, respectively.

Keywords: Colour Image Processing, MATlab, Grape.

Title: Chlorophyll and Nitrogen Estimation of Grape Using Colour Image Processing

Author: Prajakta Patane, Anup Vibhute

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: The design of antenna arrays used in the recent technologies are expected to contain large number of antenna elements operating over a broad frequency range where the signals from each antenna element are combined and processed simultaneously providing high sensitivity with multiple beams providing a wide field of view. Array geometry is the main design aspect which influences the cost and performance of the system. The optimization techniques are needed to enhance the performance of the antenna array. The large bandwidth and number of broadband antenna elements makes the optimization of antenna array system difficult to achieve with the current array geometry optimization techniques. Such array geometry optimization techniques rely mainly on genetic algorithms and pattern search techniques. Here provides a study of the array geometry effects on the performance of broadband array system. Instead of controlled randomization and space tapering, the particle swarm optimization is used as the optimization technique which is an iterative based algorithm. This algorithm can provide a global best position for the antenna elements which gives improved performance.

Keywords:  Antenna array, Array geometry, Optimization, PSO.

Title: Geometrical Optimization of Antenna Array Using Particle Swarm Optimization

Author: Harshanjali S, Priyalakshmi S

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network has a huge scope in research and many application areas but sensor networks are vulnerable to different attacks. So to protect these sensor networks from various advisories message authentication with security is a perfect solution. Thus by considering this factor many authentication schemes have been developed, based on either symmetric-key cryptosystems or public-key cryptosystems. But many of these schemes have the restrictions of high computational overhead and lack of scalability. So as a solution to this problem a scalable authentication scheme based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) along with a trust model has been introduced. This work enables intermediate nodes authentication to secure the wireless sensor network and to regularize the multi-hop routing techniques. This scheme can provide energy-efficient routing and reliable trust and good packet delivery ratio. This routing technique can also act as an effective solution against harmful attacks.

Keywords:  Message Authentication, Security, Trust wireless sensor networks and Routing.

Title: An Adaptive QoS Strategy Based on Trust to Secure Multi-Hop Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Author: Asha S., Devi Murali

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: In wireless network signal fading occurs due to multipath propagation. It can be mitigated through the use of diversity. Cooperative diversity is a form of spatial diversity that uses a collection of distributed antennas belonging to multiple terminals, each with its own information to transmit. The broadcast nature of wireless medium is the key property that allows for the cooperative diversity among the transmitting terminals. OSTBC with amplify and forward (AF) cooperation protocols can be deployed in a system with FD relaying. This offers predominant advantage of achieving high coding gain. Also the performance of the system can be improved with selecting the best relay based on its SNR.

Keywords: Amplify and Forward (AF) cooperation, OSTBC, FD and HD communication, MIMO system.

Title: Cooperative Tactics for Amplify and Forward Relaying With Relay Selection

Author: Aswathy G., Sangeeta T. R.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: The Present study deals with to analyze the Tribological wear behaviour of dual-phase steels containing different weight percentages of carbon from 0.2 to 0.6, volumetric wear rates have been investigated. All the specimens were quenched at 723oC to obtain specimens containing about 25, 50 and 75% martensite for weight percentage of carbon from 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 respectively. wear tests have been conducted on dual-phase steels using a pin-on-disc wear testing machine under the normal load of 9.81, 29.43 and 49.05 N, sliding speeds of 1, 3 and 5 m/s at room temperature for a fixed sliding distance of 20,000 meters. Weight loss has been measured for each specimen at the end of the experiment. Using the L9 orthogonal array all the experiments was conducted. Volumetric wear rate has been calculated on the basis of volume loss after converting weight loss into volume loss by considering the density of the material. The analysis of volumetric wear rate, with respect to the sliding speeds and normal load have been explained by using taguchi technique and analysis of variance. Wear properties have been found to improve with the increase in martensite volume fraction in dual-phase steels. Among the investigated specimens, the critical parameters were found to be 0.4% of carbon content, 29.43N of normal load and 5 m/s of sliding speed.

Keywords: Orthogonal Array, Taguchi Technique, Volumetric wear rate, Regression analysis.

Title: ANALYSIS OF WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF DUAL PHASE STEEL USING TAGUCHI METHOD

Author: Dr.Yadavalli Basavaraj, Pavan Kumar B. K, Purushotham B C

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network) is an emerging research area. Finding location of a node in VANET is one of the most challenging issues in recent years. GPS receivers equipped inside the vehicles may lose satellite signals and calculate wrong positions due to signal blocking. Grid based  scheme is a GPS-free localization method  in which vehicles exchange location information and help each other to calculate accurate position for all the vehicles inside the network. However, since VANET is open and wireless in nature, probability for attack is very high. It requires a mechanism to help authenticate messages, identify valid vehicles, and remove malicious vehicles. A Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) can provide this functionality using certificates and public keys with the aid of RSUs (Road Side Units) that act as a gateway between the Certificate Authority (CA) and vehicles. The proposed scheme efficiently prevents eavesdroppers from generating harm to legal users and provides timely revocation of misbehaving participants, thereby contributing towards VANET security.

Keywords: VANET, Grid localization, Attacks,  PKI, Certificate authority, CRL, RSU, Revocation.

Title: An Authenticated Collaborative Grid-Based On-Road Localization Scheme for VANETs

Author: Jayalakshmi L, Ann Nita Netto

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: The durability of dredged marine sand concrete has been studied through testing different properties of concrete including acid resistance, chloride and sulphur attack, sorptivity and water absorption. Two types of concrete mix, i.e. M25 and M40 were used. The results showed that the dredged marine sand concrete has more resistivity to acid, sulphur and chloride attack. Also, it is less porous as compared to concrete containing natural river sand.

Keywords: dredged marine sand, sorptivity test, natural sand, concrete.

Title: A STUDY ON DURABILITY OF DREDGED MARINE SAND CONCRETE

Author: Salmabanu Luhar, Urvashi Khandelwal

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: MRI images are widely used in the diagnosis of various parts of body like Brain, Spinal cord, Heart, Breasts, Internal organs and Bones, Joints, Blood vessels and also to detect Blood clots. The image classification can be changed with the addition of even small amount of noise. Therefore the reduction of noise is very important. Image pre-processing techniques like de-noising and filtration are employed to remove the noise from an image while retaining as much as possible crucial signal features of the image. In this paper an efficient way to analyze the quality of mri images is carried out using mean, median, wiener filters, whose out comings are subjected to calculation of mean square error (MSE) and peak signal-to- noise ratio (PSNR).

Keywords: De-noising, Discrete wavelets transform Mean square error, Medical imaging, Peak signal to noise ratio, Salt and pepper noise.

Title: Efficient Quality Analysis of MRI Images Using Pre-Processing Techniques

Author: Kesari. Priyanka, M. Muni sankar

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: Organic pollutants were widely used in various industries including electroplating, mining, painting etc. Theirs effective reuse and disposal before discharge is a challenging work. Various methods such as Ion exchange, Solvent extraction, Adsorption, Advanced oxidation process, Membrane separation processes have been studied earlier. Of these nano filtration possess the major applications in wide range of industries. In this review the modeling for the treatment of wastewater using various transport models is discussed. This review also depicts the various approach of Extended Nernst Planck Model for determination of transport phenomena and improved performance in detail.  Research work related to modeling in nanofiltration for waste water treatment, heavy metal removal, charged ion removal has been reviewed individually by ENP model or by coupling it with other models such as Donnan steric Polarization Model(DSPM) etc. This review also provides the clear information regarding the other sophisticated model. It equips the author with the knowledge about the significance of Donnan, steric, dielectric and transport effects separation of solute particles by nanofiltration.

Keywords: Coupled modeling, Donnan Steric Polarization Model, Extended Nernst Planck model, Nanofiltration, Separation mechanism.

Title: Application of Extended Nernst Planck Model in Nano Filtration Process –A Critical Review

Author: Manoj Kumaran, Shailendra Bajpai

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: Open Flow is a programmable network protocol designed to manage and direct the network traffic among the network devices like switches and routers etc. Open Flow separates the control plane of a switch from the switch itself.  The high-level routing control which includes packet routing (forward, Drop and redirect) and so on, is moved to a centralized controller. This paper proposes a Data path automation, where Open Flow rules are simulated and set up on switches and the controller imposes the flow policies on the network packets generated by Ixia, via Open Flow protocol. The Open Flow rule simulation engine is much faster, requires less man power and it is platform independent.  Open Flow-capable switches, enables a wide range of new network functionality.  Open Flow rule simulation engine is helpful in debugging software faults (or bugs) as well. We believe that tools for testing Open Flow programs make it more agile and flexible.

Keywords: Open flow rules, columbus app, Ixia-generate the packets.

Title: Automating the Open Flow Rule Engine Datapath Automation

Author: Prerana B.H, A Thyagaraj Murthy

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: Steam Distillation is one of the separation techniques employed to reduce the boiling point of heat sensitive materials and has significant application in chemical industries. Palmarosa oil has commercial value in perfumery, tobacco, soap and pharmaceutical industries. To obtain maximum yield, steam distillation is opted for extraction of oil from Palmarosa grass. Extraction is done on fresh Palmarosa grass and also on shade dried grass for six days. The volume of oil collected as a function of time, throughout the extraction process is recorded. Kinetics of extraction and optimization of yield are reported in this paper. Comparative study of the yield of oil with respect to packing density; Secondary essential oil is recovered from the distillate by solvent extraction and Characterization of Palmarosa oil using Gas Chromatograph with regard to its components,viz. Geraniol, Linalool are also presented in this paper.

Keywords: Steam Distillation, Yield, Gas Chromatography, Solvent Extraction.

Title: Optimization & Studies on Extraction of Palma Rosa Oil by Steam Distillation

Author: T.N.S.S.BHASKER, E.SATHWIK REDDY, M.V.P.S.ABHISHEK, J.V.S.MURTY, K.V. NAGA LAKSHMI

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: While critically studying scenic paradigms, the cities of organic significance with natural topogra phical terrain in present situational perspectives, population density, vehicular and motorized traffic scenarios. Amazingly growing surprising sprawls very successfully trying to enchant the green covered hilly topographic landscapes with concrete masses of residences and townships The anomaly and catastrophe referring to the proper land use allocation for the existing areas within cities of natural landforms, and the dogmatic mannerism of the public towards not responding sensitively to this pertaining issue often inflames the existing mushroom growth and uncontrollable sprawl within cities. Commercial jungle ferociously encroaching over the residential peripheries hovers over the main arteries of city such as Main highways and other peripheral secondary and tertiary routes   since years.  In addition to the serious violation of right of ways allocated for natural drains and sewers facilitating the normal public to be land grabbers of public property This issue would erupt enormously to the level making the rainwater drains blocked. This would facilitate the water to intrude into the residences and other public property such as main transit routes and secondary and tertiary roads. In addition to the international level megacities and that of Pakistan, even small towns are seriously affected, and its severity is evident through observing rapid, uncontrolled mushroom growth processes through inevitable urbanization. This in turn portrays its implications through catastrophically increasing motorization and problematic vehicular transportations passing through small towns and cities. The study focuses on what would be suggested solutions for the prevailing issue of alarming vehicular transit flux through a very small town as Abbottabad, which has Karakorum Highway (KKH) or Mansehra road as the only artery which is catering the load of both intercity and intra city diversified traffic burden through decades? A mass transit system, BRT (bus rapid transit), train transit or some indigenously generated solution such as tram systems, cable car systems. Very importantly how this transportation solution would impact the Architectural building skyline of the city. This is the need of the day and which may prove itself to be a sustainable and long term visionary objective based problem solving mechanism, a challenging attribute with respect to socio economic need, climatological tectonics, architectural character enhancing machinery and toolkit for the city like Abbottabad.

Keywords: Architectural character, Organic significance, urban design strategies, transport scape, city skyline, urban landscape, Mass transit system.

Title: Strategizing the Future Transport Infrastructure for Cities of Organic Significance to Conceptualize an Efficient Mass Transit System (Case of Abbottabad)

Author: Ar.Muhammad Faisal Rehman, Dr.Sagheer Aslam, Ar.Shahid Mansoor

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract:  In this article, treatment of dairy wastewater using PVA Hydro-Gel as a Moving Bed Bio-Mass Carrier has been discussed. Dairy industries have shown tremendous growth in size and number in most countries of the world. These industries discharge wastewater which is characterized by high C.O.D, B.O.D, nutrients, and organic and inorganic contents. Such wastewaters, if discharged without proper treatment, it will affect Environment as well as Human-Health[2]. The objective of the research was to evaluate the performance of a laboratory-scale biological treatment unit for dairy-industry Wastewater by using PVA-Gel. Pre-treatment was the first phase of PVA-Gel Treatment Unit. The aim of pre-treatment process was to let the biomass present in wastewater get attached on gel and grow inside gel. Pre-treatment was given to gel for 30 days. Second Phase of Treatment unit was Bio-Reactor. A Bio-Reactor was fabricated using Fiber glass with  height 25cm, width 15cm and length 30cm & capacity 11 liters. One Liter Pre-treated Gel and 10 liter wastewater from primary clarifier was introduced in the Bio-Reactor. They were properly mixed and aerated using diffuser. Batch Process was adopted for treatment and the Batch samples taken for analysis had retention time of 8, 10, 12 hrs. The BOD & COD Level Reduction of samples having Retention Time 8, 10, & 12 hrs, a decline was observed for BOD from 1200mg/lit to 325, 150, & 75 mg/lit & for COD from 1700mg/lit to 500, 326, & 78 mg/lit. Reduction in biological treatment time with low Sludge volume production was observed.

Keywords: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Moveing Bed Bio-Film Reactor (MBBR), Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (PVA).

Title: Treatment of Dairy Wastewater using PVA Hydro-Gel

Author: Pawan G. Ramteke, Omkar P. Gurav, Karan N. Khirade

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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Abstract: Soil physical properties are used for soil classification and hence serve as the first estimator of almost every mechanical and hydrologic soil behavior, but the usual laboratory testing method of estimating these physical properties is time consuming, burdensome, and somehow subjective, hence posing a challenge to geotechnical engineers and soil lab technicians. To minimize these shortfalls to an acceptable level and make the determination of soil physical properties more objective, this study utilized digital image processing and analysis (DIP&A) approach to establish relationships between the physical properties of soil (water content, density-wet bulk and dry, porosity, and void ratio) and the image feature of its fragmented aggregates identified as shape factors and recognized as aspect ratio and roundness in the study. Shape factors are used to describe the overall geometric characteristics of a particle. In this study, samples of soil were collected and laboratory test performed as per the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards to determine the physical properties and the same samples fragmented into appropriate sizes and their images acquired for image processing and analysis to determine the image feature. The physical properties of soil were statistically correlated and regressed against the image feature using appropriate regression model with the correlation coefficient (r) as the basis of the correlation. The r value varies from 0.5 to 0.6.  The outputs of the regression analysis were curvilinear models that represent the relationship between soil physical properties and shape factors. The results of the digital image analysis were verified by conducting laboratory test and image analysis of soil sample collected from different site other than the one previously used to develop the relation models and the new values of the validated sample replaced in the developed models, resulting in a reasonable average percent error that varies from 1.05% to 3.57% between conventional laboratory testing and the proposed new method-DIP&A. The results indicate that DIP&A method proposed in the study appears to be a useful and promising method for estimating the physical properties of soil and was also shown to be a valuable tool for quantifying the geometric properties of soil aggregates.

Keywords: Soil, physical properties, fragmentation, digital image processing, shape factors.

Title: The Relationship between the Physical Properties of Soil and Shape Factors of its Fragmented Aggregates: A Two-Dimensional Digital Image Processing and Analysis Approach

Author: Benjamin Yiediboe, HE Lin, Yuan Jian, Liu Cong, Wang Zhenliang

International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews

ISSN 2348-697X (Online)

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