Vol 3 Issue 1 April 2015-September 2015

Abstract: The Objective of present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections in voluntary and replacement donors in urban area of Karnataka, India.

Methods: All voluntary and replacement donors were screened for HBV, HCV and HIV I&II by using the appropriate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rapid Plasma reagin was used for estimation of syphilis infection. The study was designed for a duration of six years from January 2009 to December 2014.

Results: A total of 13023 voluntary blood donors were screened. The overall seroprevalence of HBV and HCV were 0 .906 % and 0.161 % respectively; for HIV and syphilis the seroprevalence was estimated to be 0.13% and 0.36% respectively.

Conclusion: Strict selection of   blood donors and proper testing for TTI will ensure safe blood transfusion. Blood is still one of the main sources of transmission of infections. It is important to continue screening donated blood with highly selective and specific tests and to counsel donors who are positive to any of the above infections.

Keywords: Blood donors, HBsAg, HCV, HIV, syphilis.

Title: SERO-prevalence of transfusion transmissible infections among replacement and voluntary blood donors

Author: Dr. Brilsee. Simeon, Dr. Satish. Belagatti

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: In the last two decades we have witnessed considerable efforts directed towards making electronic healthcare records comparable and interoperable through advances in record architectures and (bio) medical terminologies and coding systems. Deep semantic issues in general and ontology in particular, have received some interest from the research communities. However, with the exception of work on so-called ‘controlled vocabularies’, ontology has thus far played little role in work on standardization. The prime focus has been rather the rapid population of terminologies at the level of fine detail. In this paper, we argue that more efforts are needed on the side of both research and standardization to ensure that the coding systems used in electronic healthcare records enjoy a semantics that is coherent with the semantics of the record. We propose realist ontology as a method to bring about this coherence by means of a robust system of top-level ontological categories.

Keywords: ontology, semantics

Title: Ontology Based Medical Terminology System

Author: Vinoliyavinamuthu A.

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Cardiac surgeries are high-risk procedures that require careful preoperative and postoperative management. Many perioperative complications can be anticipated allowing for early and aggressive management in an attempt to reduce morbidity and shorten convalescence. Preoperative teaching helps to decrease postoperative complications by introducing the tasks in which a patient will be required to participate after surgery.

Aim of the study: To evaluate the effectiveness of planned preoperative teaching on self-care activities for patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Methods: Quasi-experimental research design was conducted in the cardiac center at Al-Thawra Modem General Hospital in Sana’a, Yemen. The study was conducted on 100 adult cardiac surgical patients of both sexes, were randomly assigned into two groups (50 study group and 50 control group). Study group were included in a planned preoperative teaching. Data were collected through two tools (Assessment questionnaire and observational checklist).

Results: The mean age of study group are 40.46 ±14.13years and 38.88 ±12.47years of control group. The pre-test result shows 52% of the study group and 82% of the control group possess inadequate knowledge. Whereas, in the post-test results 84% of the study group and 4% of the control groups had adequate knowledge. Significantly improved knowledge, performance level of self-care activities, early extubation, coping with pain, less amount of analgesic required, short postoperative period, short length of ICU stay and less complication than those non-receiving planned preoperative teaching.

Conclusion: Patients may benefit from this planned preoperative teaching intervention in terms of knowledge and performance of self-care activities, early extubation, coping with pain, length of stay and complication than those non-receiving planned preoperative teaching. The planned preoperative teaching could be incorporated as part of prepare patients for cardiac surgery.

Keywords: Cardiac surgery, planned preoperative teaching, self-care activities, and postoperative complication.

Title: Effectiveness of Planned Preoperative Teaching on Self-Care Activities for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Author: Talal Ali Hussein Saad Al-Qalah, Wafaa Ismail Shereif Salam, Amira Ahmed Hassanein

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Currently, cephalometric analyses for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, research, evaluation of treatment results and prediction of growth are often performed on digital images by means of computer softwares.1,2 Digital technology has introduced several benefits in cephalometrics, as it enables instantaneous image acquisition, requires  lower radiation dose, avoids developing process, and simplifies image storing and sharing.1

Hand traced cephalometric analysis on traditional radiographic films has been the gold standard for analyzing a cephalometric radiograph for the past few decades. Despite its widespread use in orthodontics, the technique is time consuming and has several drawbacks including, high risk of error during hand tracing, landmark identification and measurements.2

Nowadays various software programs are available for cephalometric measurements on digital cephalograms. They also simulate and predict multiple treatment options, thereby enabling the clinician to select the best treatment option according to the patient’s desire and need. With the help of facial photographic morphing technique we can predict the profile change of the patient after orthognathic surgical procedures. This demonstration of VTO (Visual treatment objectives) also helps in achieving acceptable motivation of the patient for any particular orthodontic treatment. Thus in comparison with conventional tracing the computer aided cephalometric software programs are an effective diagnostic tool and also a powerful consultation and presentation tool.2

The present study will be done to evaluate and compare the various cephalometric measurements of monitor-displayed images with the help of cephalometric software program, namely "Nemoceph" and "onyxceph", and the manual tracing on its hard copy.

Title: Comparative Evaluation of Accuracy of Conventional Hand Tracing and Digital Tracing Using Two Software: Nemoceph and Onyxceph

Author: Dr. Milind Patel, Dr. Hina Desai, Dr. Kalpesh Patel, Dr. Nikunj Patel

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: BMI stands for Body Mass Index. It equals to a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of his or her height in meters. BMI is a scientific way to measure a person’s weight level. Besides, BMI is vital to a person’s health state. It is a useful tool which can help people to improve their health. In this reason, BMI is widely used in many countries to test people’s health conditions.

In nowadays society, most young people don’t form healthy life styles and they neglect their body condition. Especially for college students who just no longer under parents’ daily care. They don’ t pay enough attention to exercise and their food intakes. As a result, they have no idea about how their health states are. Moreover, obesity and underweight are getting more and more common among the college students. It is necessary to analyze college students’ BMIs and their eating and exercising habits.

However, the study has some limitations. All the participants were LNU-MSU students, and most of them were freshmen. Only fifty students, twenty-five males and twenty-five females, participated in the study. Besides, some participants wrote down their approximate heights and weights. These can cause the inaccurate result. The researchers analyzed the participants’ average BMI, and found the relationship between LNU-MSU students’ BMIs and their eating and exercise habits.

Title: Average BMI of Male and Female of LNU-MSU Students and Its Implications

Author: Yu Xintong, Zhang Jiahui

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: This is a case study aimed to evaluate food hygiene and safety practices in Bahri hospitals in Khartoum of SUDAN during the period of January and May 2015.  7 hospitals were out of 8 were selected. Data was collected on handing and processing of food including personal hygiene of handlers, handling; processing and storage of raw and ready to eat food, cleaning and cleaning facilities, equipments, and management using structured questionnaire with 32 available food service staff, observation check list and interview with supervisors. The study revealed that majority of food handlers were females (83%). The age of employees ranged from 20 to 40 years, 22% were illiterate and have basic educational levels, none of them attend training on food hygiene and safety, half of supervisors never heard of HACCP, 43% have clean kitchen equipment that are easily cleanable and made of stainless steel, 29% of the hospitals stored utensils in conditions that could easily exposed to contamination. 29% of the hospitals use appropriate clothing (head caps and dust coats) when working in the kitchen. All the hospitals stored raw materials, chemicals (such as detergents) and other equipments in the same rooms. The study also showed that the majority of staffs (97%) Washing hands before handling food which could reduce the chance of food contamination. In conclusion the lack of strong food hygienic and safety systems lead to poor food handling which could consequently affect the health effects of patients. The study recommended provision of appropriate kitchens condition with equipment, training of all food services staff to improve their knowledge, attitudes and practices, and conduct regular microbial quality and time temperature checks of the food.

Keywords: food hygiene safety hospitals Bahri Khartoum Sudan

Title: Evaluation of food hygiene and safety practices in Bahri hospitals 2015 – Khartoum- SUDAN

Author: Ali Mohieldin (PhD), Hilwa Hamed Bajin Salam (M.Sc), DAWRIA Adam (PhD), Kamal Albassir (PhD)

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Reports show that universal coverage of breastfeeding could prevent 13% of deaths among children under five years. Breastfeeding protects infants from common infections, strengthens the immune system and protects their digestive system. Worldwide, it is estimated that only 34.8% of infants are exclusively breastfed. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2008 to 2010 to estimate the prevalence rate of breastfeeding and to understand the relationship between breastfeeding and nutritional status of children aged 5 years and under.

A cluster sampling technique was used for selecting 780 households with at least one child under five.  Structured questionnaires were administered to mothers. The nutritional status of children was assessed using anthropometrics and categorized according to WHO z-score, chi square test and relative risk were used to test the associations using 0.05 significant level. The study revealed that the prevalence of acute malnutrition was 19%; underweight infants 35%, and chronic malnutrition 51%. The study also revealed that 32% of participants were breastfed while 68% were not.The prevalence rates among breastfeed were 7.7% for acute malnutrition, 21%, for underweight and 58.5% for chronic malnutrition. For the group who do not breastfeed, these rates were found 24.4% for acute malnutrition with wasting, 41.5% for underweight and 47.6% for chronic malnutrition. The study concludes that the poor breastfeeding may be contributing to a higher risk of malnutrition and mortality among the under five children.

Keywords: breastfeeding, nutritional status, children, Khartoum State, Sudan.

Title: Breastfeeding among Infants and Its Association with the Nutritional Status of Children Under Five Years in Khartoum, Sudan

Author: Ali Mohieldin Mahgoub Ibrahim (PhD), Moawia Ali Hassan Alshiek (MD), Mary Shilalukey Ngoma (FRCP, DCH, UK), DAWRIA Adam (PhD)

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: This is cross sectional studies conducted in Karari locality in Khartoum state of Sudan to measure the prevalence of obesity among adults and it is associated risk factors. Sample sizes of 283 adults aged 20-45 years were participated in the study. The data was collected through questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 19.0.

The results of the study revealed that more than half of the respondents were females (53.4%) and 46.6% were males. The majority of the respondents (32.9%) aged 41-45 years, 21.6% aged 36-40 years, and 12% aged 16.3% while 17.3% aged between 20-25 years. Approximately 56% of the respondents were practiced physical activity. The majority of the respondents practiced walking (57.6%), 41.1% practiced sport. More than 57% of the respondents practiced physical activity daily, 10.1% of them practiced once per week and 32.3% practiced twice per week. The high consumption of white bread daily was (33.9%), whole meal bread daily (89.4%), rice once (43.8%), pasta once (40.3%), porridge once (58.7%), chips daily (2.8%), yoghurt daily (65.7) and sweets daily consumption (40.6%). Most of the respondents were eating once (58.7%) away from their homes. (43.1%) of adults found normal, (6%) were underweight, (36.4%) were overweight and (14.5%) were obese. Only (28.3%) of the respondents were suffered from chronic diseases. The majority of respondents suffered from diabetes (43.7%) followed by hypertension (42.5%). Male adults were statistically significant more practiced for physical activity once per week compared to females.

Keywords: Physical activity obesity Adults Karari Locality, Khartoum Sudan.

Title: Obesity Prevalence and Physical Inactivity among Adults of Karari Locality, Khartoum State Sudan, 2014

Author: Ali Mohieldin (PhD), Khalil Sifeldin (M.Sc), DAWRIA Adam (PhD), Kamal Albassir (PhD)

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: The Objective is to study the clinical features and histopathological pattern of leiomyomas.

Materials and methods: the material was obtained from the patients admitted to M.R.Medical College Gulbarga.  Brief essential clinical history and findings were recorded from the patients case papers.

Following the receipt of surgical specimens, the specimens were allowed to fix in 10% formalin for 24-48 hours.  Multiple parallel sections through each half, about 1 cm apart were made and each surface were carefully examined.  In a leiomyomatous uteri, a detailed gross morphology of myomas were noted, which included number, location, size, sessile, pedenculated and secondary changes like hemorrhage, necrosis and calcification.

The tissue bits from representative area were taken for histopathological examination and paraffin blocks were prepared and routinely stained with haematoxylin and eosin stain. 

Results: Leiomyoma was diagnosed in 318 cases of which 48 uteri sowed leiomyoma associated with adenomyosis, and 270 with only leiomyomas.  The rest 2 were from myomectomy specimens. Age of the patients with leiomyoma ranged from 21 to 90 years.  Majority of the patients (45.92%) were in the 4th decade, were diagnosed in multiparous women. Menorrhagia was the commonest symptom constituting 41.50%. Out of 318 cases of leiomyomas, 247 were intramural in location, 62 were sub-serosal in location and rest 51 were submucosalthe major associated endometrial change was proliferative endometrium

Conclusion: Uterine fibroids are the most common benign conditions found in hysterectomy specimens with peak incidence at 41-50 years. Majority of them presented with menorrhagia. Histopathology is mandatory for confirming diagnosis

Title: Clinicopathological Study of Leiomyomas

Author: Dr Satish Belagatti, Dr Jayashree Pawale, Dr Shivanand Gundalli, Dr Ashutosh Pawale

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Use of Tobacco is injurious to health. Tobacco use is responsible for 10% of adult deaths worldwide. Tobacco use is responsible for various carcinomas, multiple vascular and respiratory diseases, eustachian tube dysfunction, middle ear effusion and conductive hearing loss, rhinorrhea,sinusitis  and hair graying. Tobacco use in the form of chewing, smoking,sniff leads to various benign and malignant  conditions.  In this study tobacco consuming patients were selected on personal history. The study subjects were classified according to socioeconomic status and categorised by Kuppuswamy classification 2014.   Healthy age, sex matched control group without addiction to tobacco; alcohol was selected and compared with tobacco addict population. Tobacco consumption pattern was studied in Indian population of different socioeconomic class in association with various otorhinolaryngological manifestations.

Keywords: Tobacco, socioeconomic status, otorhinolaryngological

Title: Tobacco Addiction and Otorhinolaryngological Manifestations

Author: DR. RESHMA INGOLE

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with distinct biological subtypes that have a diverse natural history and presents with a varied spectrum of clinical, pathological and molecular features that have different prognostic and therapeutic implications. Amongst Zambian women, breast cancer is the second most frequent cancer and yet the prevalence of basal-like breast cancer, the subtype known to be associated with poor prognosis and resistant to chemotherapy is not known. It has been shown that a combined determination of CK5/6, CK14 and CK17 in breast cancer tissue samples by Immunonohistochemistry assists greatly in determining tumour growth behaviour, metastatases and outcome of the cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of expression of basal cytokeratins 5/6, 14 and 17 in breast cancer samples at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia.

Methodology: Randomly selected cases for the period January 2012 – December 2013 were identified and samples retrieved from the archives (n = 50). Sections were cut at 4 µm and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin to determine the histological types and were evaluated for expression of CK5/6, CK14 and CK17 using immunohistochemical staining with Vectastain Elite Kit. Expression was also correlated with age, histological grade and tumour size. Data was analysed using SPSS software version 17.

Results: The majority of samples examined were from patients below the age of 50 years (n=28, 56%) and 46% (n=22) were those from patients aged 50 years or older. The most frequent histological type of breast cancer was invasive ductal carcinoma (n=45, 90%). Of the 50 samples 22 (44%) expressed CK5/6, 11(22%) CK14, and 6 (12%) CK17. Combined basal cytokeratin expression was 32 (64%). There was significant statistical association between expression of CK5/6 and CK14 with larger tumour size equal or greater than 2.0 cm (p=0.05 and p=0.003 respectively).

Conclusion: The most prevalent histological type was invasive ductal carcinoma (90%) and CK5/6 was the most frequently expressed basal marker (44%). Expression of CK14 was strongly associated with larger tumours when the three markers were combined with high histological grade.

Keywords: Breast Cancer, Basal-like breast cancer, Immunohistochemistry, CK5/6, CK14, CK17.

Title: Selective Prognostic Markers of Breast Cancer Using Expressed CK5/6, Ck14 and CK17 in Invasive Breast Cancer Tissue of Indigenous Black Zambian Women Presenting At the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia

Author: John Nkhoma, Trevor Kaile, Clemence Marimo, Aaron Shibemba

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: Basilar artery (BA) supplies brain stem, cerebellum, thalami, occipital lobes, and medial temporal lobes. Acute occlusion of this artery has a poor prognosis and produces high risk of stroke and death. The high mortality risk of symptomatic basilaris stenosis justifies balloon angioplasty in selected cases. We report our first clinical experience with a marked flexible monorail balloon for treatment of acute A. basilaris Occlusion.

Keywords: occlusion, experience, Acute, basilaris.

Title: Treatment of Acute Intracranial Occlusion with the PTCA Dilatation Catheter: Initial Experience

Author: Drs. Reza Omidi Varmezani

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract:  The formation of gallstones in gall bladder is very common. It is now considered that approximately 10% to 15% of the adult population has gallstones. It is more frequent in women than men. Etiologies are various & include: age, sex, diet, sudden weight loss, etc. Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is treatment of choice in cholelithiasis however, some surgeons still prefer a traditional open cholecystectomy. Generally a safe procedure with limited morbidity and mortality, open cholecystectomy does carry risk for potential complications. Perhaps the most morbid complication related to open cholecystectomy is injury to the common bile duct. We present the case of a 38 year old female admitted to our hospital with complete transection of common bile duct during open cholecystectomy which was successfully treated. In conclusion, CBD injury is not an uncommon complication of open cholecystectomy and should be suspected in a post-op case of cholecystectomy presenting as acute abdomen.

Keywords: Open cholecystectomy, Bile Duct Injury, Hepatojejunostomy, CBD Injury.

Title: Iatrogenic Complete Common Bile Duct Transection in Open Cholecystectomy and Its Management: A Case Report

Author: Ritesh Ranjan, Aman Kamra, Sanjay Pandey, Atul Jain, Dhananjay Bansal, Ghulam Jeelani

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract:  Cognitive disorders such as amnesia, attention deficit and Alzheimer’s disease are emerging nightmares in the  field of medicine because no exact cure exists for them, as existing nootropic agents has several limitations. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the combination of extracts of Acorus calamus and Panax ginseng in different ratios for cognition enhancement.

The combination (1:1) and (2:1) was administered orally at different doses for 14 consecutive days in Male Wistar rats. Aricept (5 mg/kg) as used as a standard nootropic agent. Learning and memory parameters were evaluated using elevated plus maze(EPM) and novel object recognition model(NOR).Brain AChE activity was also evaluated.It was observed that amongst the two ratios (1:1) and (2:1), the ratio  (1:1) was found to give more significant results than the other by significantly reversing  the scopolamine induced amnesia(0.5mg/kg), as evidenced by a decrease in the transfer latency in the EPM task and increase in the recognition index in NOR task. The combination (2:1) was found to reduce brain AChE activity more significantly than (1:1).

Acorus Calamus being Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor and Panax ginseng being NMDA receptor antagonist. Both the plants possess different signaling cascade. These plants act via two different, but interconnected, pathological pathways, and that their complementary activity may produce greater effects than either drug individually. Also, diminished cholinergic transmission appear to be responsible for the development of amyloid plaques and dementia in Alzheimer’s patients, the combinations used may prove to be a useful memory-restorative agent. Also, the combination (2:1) would be worthwhile to explore the potential of these plants in the management of Alzheimer’s disease as compared to combination (1:1).

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, amnesia, Acorus calamus, Panax ginseng.

Title: Therapeutic Approaches for Cognition Enhancement

Author: Deepika Rameshwar Nirmal, Dr.Kedar Prabhavalkar

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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Abstract: This study was carried out to find the detrimental effect on human spermatozoa when exposed to alcohol/ethanol in vitro. For this study semen samples obtained from 12 healthy individuals were washed using the sperm preparation technique and each washed samples were divided into equal aliquots. Then ethanol at various concentrations of 60 mm and 120 mm were added to the aliquots labeled as test samples and samples without ethanol were considered as control samples. All samples with or without ethanol were incubated for 1 hour (60 minutes) at 370C. These samples when subjected to semen analysis after exposure to ethanol, it was found that samples added with 60 mm ethanol showed a decrease in motility and vitality, sperms in samples with 120 mm ethanol were almost static with minimum motility. Sperms in both test samples revealed degraded vitality. DNA fragmentation test or SCD when carried out it was revealed that ethanol caused DNA fragmentation in sperms and as the concentration of ethanol increased, DNA fragmentation also increased, motility of sperms decreased and morphology was affected to some extent such as the head and tail defects which was less in the control samples. The sample aliquots with 120 mm ethanol showed morphological abnormalities. The ROS test performed using Agarose-N-gel tubes on the unwashed/raw samples exposed to ethanol in different concentrations revealed the highest oxidative stress displaying dark purple color and unexposed samples showed light pink color indicating low oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species can damage DNA bases and can cause lesions that block the progression of replication. This study proved that, alcohol when consumed can destroy sperm mobility, vitality and causes high fragmentation levels.

Keywords: Ethanol, sperms, DNA fragmentation, motility, vitality, ROS.

Title: EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON HUMAN SPERMATOZOA IN VITRO: SPERM CHROMATIN DISPERSION TEST AND ROS

Author: Omkar Pokharkar, Dr. Himanshu Patel, Madhuri Patel, Vidisha Bhatt

International Journal of Healthcare Sciences

ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)

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