Vol 4 Issue 2 October 2016-March 2017

Abstract: This review was aimed to discuss the Gingivitis and Periodontitis from different perspectives, intended to review the risk factors associated with these dental diseases, diagnostic, and prevention & treatment. Comprehensive search was conducted through; PubMed, Medline, and EBSCO databases, searching literature for relevant studies discussing the Gingivitis and Periodontitis, using following Mesh terms: “Gingivitis” and “Periodontitis” AND “gum inflammation” AND “Gum loss” AND “dental inflammation”. Searching databases was restricted to English published studies up to December, 2016. Furthermore, references from different identified articles were searched for more matches articles that could be useful in this review. The prevention and also therapy of the gum diseases is based on exact medical diagnosis, decrease or removal of original representatives, risk management as well as correction of the dangerous impacts of disease. Popular and also verified risk factors or risk predictors for periodontitis in grownups consist of cigarette smoking, diabetic issues, race, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, low education and learning, irregular oral participation as well as genetic in- fluences. A number of various other specific periodontal germs, herpesviruses, raised age, male sex, depression, race, terrible occlusion and female osteoporosis in the presence of hefty dental calculus have been shown to be related to loss of gum support as well as can be taken into consideration to be risk indications of periodontitis. Keywords: Gingivitis and Periodontitis, Depression, Race, Terrible Occlusion and Female Osteoporosis. Title: Comprehensive Review of Gingivitis and Periodontitis Author: Shaza Jameel Ashqar, Abdullah Faisal Alim, Hanan Abdullah Turkstani, Danyah Abdulkarim Faisal Karsan, Raji Ehsan Mohammed Kensara, Nermeen Saad Felemban International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Current study was aimed to demonstrate an overview of different treatment strategies for the dental management of deep carious lesions, through reviewing evidence based in this matter. We conducted a detailed search of several databases (MEDLINE, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, and EMBASE) using the following key words: “deep caries; deep carious lesions; partial caries removal; indirect pulp capping; pulpal exposure; stepwise excavation”. We limited the search to reports written in English describing studies using human subjects and published up to January 2016. Almost half of all dental professionals tested by the included studies favored invasive instead of evidence-based administration techniques for deep carious lesions in permanent teeth. Recently, this proportion appears to reduce. Dental professionals' behavior was affected by a range of factors, from their understanding of exactly what constitutes caries and how it must be managed in general, over contextual factors to systemic reinforcement mechanisms. Provided just quantitative researches being consisted of in this evaluation, future studies should entail some qualitative aspects to generate a further understanding of obstacles as well as facilitators towards less invasive carious tissue removal. Such understanding would likewise be required for tailoring application of interventions. Keywords: Dental Management, Deep Carious Lesions, Evidence-Based Administration Techniques. Title: Overview of Treatment Strategies for Deep Carious Lesions Author: Shaza Jameel Ashqar, Abdullah Faisal Alim, Hanan Abdullah Turkstani, Danyah Abdulkarim Faisal Karsan, Raji Ehsan Mohammed Kensara, Nermeen Saad Felemban International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The absence of universal healthcare coverage (UHC) can have ripple effects on human life and a nation’s wellbeing. The implementation of national health insurance system (NHIS) as a social security system that guarantee healthcare cost for subscribers and their dependents tends to safeguard life and mitigate the catastrophic effects of healthcare expenditure. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of NHIS, universal healthcare access (UA) and financial risk protection (FRP) on perceived satisfaction with health service quality (PSHSQ) taking into account the mediation role of universal healthcare coverage. Methods: Primary data for this study consists of administration of structured questionnaires among 300 respondents in Busan, South Korea based on health insurance enrollment. The effects of the antecedent constructs on the mediator and consequent construct were established through pre-hypotheses analysis such as reliability, convergent and discriminant validity tests and model fit analysis. The application of model modification indices were used as contingency measures to increase the adequacy of the hypothesized model. A covariance based structural equation model was employed to analyze the hypothesized effects. The mediation effects were established based on bias-corrected bootstrap at 95% confidence interval. Results: The results indicated that NHIS, UA, FRP had significant effects on UHC. There was partial mediation effect of UHC in the relationships between NHIS, UA and PSHSQ. However, UHC fully accentuated the effect of FRP on PSHSQ as a result of the relatively high mandatory monthly insurance contributions. Conclusions: The empirical evidence proved that Korea’s obligatory NHIS have positive effect on PSHSQ. The mandatory enrollment on NHIS in Korea facilitate vertical and horizontal redistribution effects which provide social security and also enhances health conditions. Keywords: National Health Insurance, Universal Access, Financial Risk Protection, Universal Healthcare Coverage, Health Service Quality. Title: The Mediation Role of Universal Healthcare Coverage in the Effect of National Health Insurance System on Perceived Satisfaction with Health Service Quality Author: Dr. Richard Boateng, Dr. Dae Won Kim International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Diabetes is a class of diseases characterized by elevated blood sugar in the face of inadequate insulin production or insulin action. The disease affects approximately 23.6 million Americans (8% of the population), and fully one-third of those individuals are unaware that they have the disease. There are two broad categories of diabetes – type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Individuals with T1DM are dependent on insulin for survival and rely on subcutaneous administration by injection or continuous infusion. Patients with T2DM may control their disease for a time with lifestyle intervention or oral therapies. However, those who fail these strategies will require insulin to achieve adequate disease control. Delivery of insulin via inhalation is a potential alternative to subcutaneous insulin in the management of diabetes. This review will discuss the rationale for development of pulmonary delivered versions of insulin as well as discuss the role that inhaled insulin may play in improving long-term diabetes care. Keywords: Diabetes, inhaled insulin, disease, blood sugar, Patients. Title: Inhaled Insulin Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus Author: Hawra Ali Aleirani, Rasha Shaker Alkhonizi, Rawan Abdulkarim Agala, Rawan Zuhair Alqurashi, Mai Khalid Alshaikh International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) makes up 10% of the over 500,000 yearly cancer deaths in the United States, making it the 3rd most usual cancer in males and females. This review was aimed to evaluate the surgical management of colorectal cancer with different surgical procedures, also demonstrating the staging and prognosis of CRC. Targeted search through MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for relevant studies databases, for relevant articles that concerned with colorectal cancer treatment surgically. searching for these articles were up to November 2016, restricted to English language published studies with human subjects. In area advanced primary colon cancer and also locoregional frequent colon cancer posture comparable therapy difficulties for the surgeon. Complete resection is a requisite for lasting survival. In the case of locally sophisticated colon cancer, setting apart deadly intrusion from benign bond is frequently not feasible in the operating room. Keywords: Colorectal cancer (CRC), MEDLINE, PubMed. Title: Colorectal Cancer Author: Mohammad Hamza Yaseen, Sami Hamza Yaseen, Abdulrahman Abdullah Dobaie, Abdulilah Hamdan Aljehani, Marwan Ayed Almarwani, Salma Walid Adham, Hamed Humeed Alqurashi, Tareq Mohammed Hakami, Ahmed Amer Alalawi, Turki Saud Alharbi International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The main Goal of current study was to evaluate the different surgical procedures in management of necrotizing Pancreatitis, from different aspects, we intended to discuss the indications and contraindication for surgery of pancreatic necrosis. Detailed electronic search was conducted through several well-known databases; PubMed, Midline, Embase, and science direct, for literature published up to 2016, December. Studies discussing the surgical treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis, were included, also these studies that focus on indication, and contraindication for the surgical interventions were included in this review. Restriction of languages were applied in this search to only English articles with human subjects. The surgical treatment of NP has actually considerably developed in the last 20 years from open surgical treatment to minimally invasive techniques. One of the most essential aspects that the current literature show is: delayed intervention (for at least 3-4 weeks) for NP transcends to very early intervention in terms of morbidity as well as death, minimally invasive treatments are superior to open surgical treatment in term of temporary and lasting post-operative morbidity, no solitary approach is ideal for all patients, the very best method is multimodal and also versatile to the private patient. Keywords: Surgical Management, Necrotizing Pancreatitis. Title: Necrotizing Pancreatitis Author: Mohammad Hamza Yaseen, Sami Hamza Yaseen, Marwan Ayed Almarwani, Hamed Humeed Alqurashi, Tareq Mohammed Hakami, Ayat Hassan Zailai, Omar Khaled Ahmed Abdulbaqi, Bader Saad Alsulaimani, Waleed Khalid Alsadoon, Sareeh Hasan Alsha'abi International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This review was aimed to focus in discussing the Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) diagnosis and management in emergency department, we intended in this study to review previous evidence on GIB situation that were managed in ED. Several databases; (PubMed/MIDLINE, google scholar, and EMBASE) were searched for English published literature up to January 2017, that is discussing the Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in emergency department (ED). following Mesh terms used in searching the databases; “Gastrointestinal bleeding” OR “Upper gastrointestinal blooding (UGIB)” and “Emergency department”, “Treatment”, and “diagnosis”. Then furthermore, articles references lists were searched manually for more relevant studies to be included in our review. Literature showed has been an increasing occurrence of GI bleeding visits in ED, as well as revealed It is suggested that efficient blood transfusion as well as endoscopic services be put in place in the ED in order to decrease mortalities connected with GIB. The evidence revealed that there was an uniqueness trouble for the GBS as well as the endoscopists. This outcome had actually currently been reported in a similar setup with specificity as low as 16%. It is not a point that is talked about in many of the research studies on the topic, most deal with the GBS' sensitivity and the comparison with the Rockall score. This could be solved by grouping the GBS into greater than 2 courses of increasing seriousness. Keywords: Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), Upper gastrointestinal blooding (UGIB), Emergency Department. Title: Overview of Gastrointestinal Bleeding (GIB), Etiological Factors, Diagnosis and Management in Emergency Department (ED) Author: Ibrahim Saud Abdullah Altamimi, Mohammed Ahmed Ali Alsahabi, Feras Khaled Abdulsalam Aledrees, Abduljalil Hussain Mohammed Almarzooq, Badea Abdulraouf Salman Almarzooq, Hassan Ali Hassan Alyousef, Mariam Mohammad Tahir Muthana Alerwi, Nuha Muhammed Abdullah Alabduljabbar, Yara Abdullah Mohammed Alfehaid, Latifah Abduallah Mohammed Alnahidh International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This review was aiming to provide comprehensive review of the management approaches for those patients with mild brain injury and post-concussion syndrome in Emergency department, in addition to evaluate the roles of emergency room doctors in taking the right decision in such a situation. A comprehensive literature search strategy was performed by an electronic search of the databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library (The Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials) for relevant studies that were published up to January, 2017 in English language and involving human subjects only, from different population. In addition, bibliographies of included studies, were searched for more studies to be included and clinical trial registries was also performed. This comprehensive evaluation has actually explained the offered emergency and pharmacological treatment options and strategies for concussion based on the most present readily available medical literature, despite the quality of proof. Having the full scope of evidence in the specialist's management armamentarium ought to help in handling intricate post-concussion symptoms. That being stated, it cannot be emphasized enough that treating patients with post-concussive symptoms is not an easy job. Keywords: provide comprehensive, Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials. Title: Management Approaches in Emergency Department for Post-Concussion Symptoms after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Overview Author: Nasser Mansour M Faris, Ali Mohammad Ali Aljabry, Mohammed Omar Miftah, Mohammad Ali Dighriri, Ali Essa Tawhari, Malek Hassan Ibrahim Alaaullah, Mohammed Foad Ahmed Basehi, Ahmad Foad Ahmad Basehi, Ali Mohammed A Abutaleb, Zaid Ali M Hakami, Rami Ibrahim A Asiri International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Immunization triggers an immune system response by which the vaccine develops long-term protection (immunity) that would normally follow recovery from many naturally occurring infections. By the aims to protect children in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and all community groups from diseases ,the Ministry of Health (MOH) published the approved version of the vaccination schedule on 01/01/2013 to remind parents of the dates of vaccinations and follow-up. Telehealth and telenursing has become the new reality in studying nursing. A quasi experimental study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of telenursing programme on creating awareness and knowledge regarding immunization and KSA vaccination schedule among B.Sc..nursing students at Applied Medical Science College , Alnamas. Aim/objectives of the study:  To assess the demographic variables of B.Sc. Nursing students  To assess the pretest awareness regarding immunization and KSA vaccination schedule.  To assess the pretest knowledge regarding immunization and KSA vaccination schedule.  To assess the post test awareness regarding immunization and KSA vaccination schedule.  To assess the post test knowledge regarding immunization and KSA vaccination schedule.  To evaluate the effectiveness of telenursing programme on immunization and KSA vaccination schedule.  To associate the post test knowledge regarding immunization and KSA vaccination schedule with selected demographic variables. Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis Methods: A Quasi Experimental approach is used in this study. 25 students were selected by simple random sampling method. The tool used for the study includes demographic data , Awareness and Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire, Power point presentation on immunization and KSA vaccination schedule. After collecting the data, data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Frequency and percentage were calculated for the demographic characteristics of B.Sc. Nursing students and percentage, mean, standard deviation, mean percentage were calculated for awareness and knowledge level. To see the effectiveness of telenursing programme, “z” test was used. Result: Regarding the effectiveness of telenursing programme on immunization and KSA vaccination schedule is assessed by ‘z’ test. The study findings reveals that the post-test mean score was higher than the pre-test mean scores of both awareness and knowledge .The ‘z’ value for awareness is -24.29 and P value is< 0.00001 which was significant at 0.05 level. The ‘z’ value for knowledge is -7.6963 and P value is < 0.00001 which was significant at 0.05 level. Regarding the association there was association between post test knowledge score and age, year of study, available apps for video conference and area of residence. There was no association found between post test knowledge score when compared to previous schooling. Recommendation: Based on the study, nursing students can utilize telenursing programme to give health education in the schools, hospitals, and community. Also they can utilize telenursing in both service and academic. Conclusion: The study reveals that telenursingprogramme is effective in creating awareness and knowledge regarding immunization and KSA vaccination schedule among B.Sc. Nursing students at Applied Medical Science College, Alnamas. Keywords: Quasi Experimental approach, telenursing, immunization, nursing students. Title: A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Telenursing Programme on Immunization among B.Sc. Nursing Students Author: Mrs. X.S. BLESSING NIMASAJAI International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Syphilis is an infection caused by a bacteria type known as Treponema pallidum. Syphilis progresses in stages and can lead to serious complications or death. . It is estimated that over 12 million new cases of syphilis in the world occur each year and a quarter of which occur in Africa .The largest proportion (15–49) years found in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin American. In pregnancy, untreated early syphilis result in stillbirth (25%) and is responsible for 14% of neonatal deaths with an overall peri-natal mortality of about 40%. Syphilis prevalence in pregnant women in Africa ranges from 4% to 15%. In Kenya, the prevalence of syphilis among the general population is about 2%. Screening pregnant women for syphilis provides an important means to monitor population prevalence and identifying pockets of high syphilis prevalence. Engagement in unsafe sexual activity puts one at high-risk. The more sexual partners you have, the more likely you are to get syphilis. Without treatment, syphilis can lead to damage throughout the body. Syphilis also increases the risk of HIV infection and, for women, can cause problems during pregnancy. Treatment can help prevent future damage but can't repair or reverse damage already caused. Broadly, transmission modes include sexual, nonsexual and mother-to-child transmissions. More so syphilis develops in four broad stages viz: primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, latent syphilis and tertiary stage with varying symptoms with each stage. But the stages may overlap, and symptoms don't always occur in the same order. You may be infected with syphilis and not notice any symptoms for years. The prevention strategies include avoiding sex with infected partners, health education, use of protective devices such as condoms and avoiding drugs or substances that could lead to unsafe sex. The recommendations are to carry out screening services, reporting cases within 24 hours, testing and treating cases to avoid re-infection, health education interventions, contact tracing and testing, enhancing maternal syphilis screening and treatment and improving the support to the division of reproductive health services. The Ministry of Health should apply Community Health Strategy through using Community Health Volunteers to mobilize the Kenyan population at household level to go for screening as well as carrying out screening at healthcare facilities during routine visits by the clients seeking medical attention. Keywords: Complication, Prevention, Treponema pallidum, Risk factors, Treatment, Occurrence. Title: Review of Occurrence and Control of Syphilis in Kenya Author: Stanley Aranda International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different curing durations using an LED curing light on the shear bond strength of Tran bond XT resin cement used to bond ceramic brackets to tooth structure. Materials and methods: Thirty human premolars had their buccal surface bonded to ceramic (3M, Clarity) brackets using Transbond XT under a static constant load for all samples. The resin cement of thirty samples was cured by an LED (Ortholux, 3M Unitek, Minnesota, USA) with an output of 1600 mW/cm2. The teeth were cured for 3, 6, and 10 seconds (n=10). Shear bond strength was carried out to deboned the bonded ceramic using the universal testing machine for all groups. Results: The 6 and 10 seconds curing by the orthulux light curing scored significantly higher values when compared to the 3 seconds curing (recommended by the manufacturer) while, the 10 seconds curing duration did not show significant difference to the 6 seconds curing p<0.05. Conclusion: Curing the Transbond XT for 6 seconds rather than the 3 seconds curing (recommended by the manufacturer) by ortholux curing unit will improve the bond strength of ceramic brackets to tooth structure. Keywords: LED, Ceramic brackets, Shear bond strength. Title: Light Curing Durations Affect Shear Bond Strength of Transbond-XT Author: Mona ALY Abbassy, Ali H. Hassan, Naof Yassen matar, Ahmed S. Bakry International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a random selection of 10 primary healthcare centers (PHC) to assess level of practice in smoking cessation counseling (SCC) among physicians in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia as well as physician-related factors interfering with appropriate practice. Level of practice was assessed using the 5-A’s & 1 R (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange, and Reiterate) counseling strategy with calculation of a practice score (PS: 6-30). Appropriate practice in SCC was defined as PS ≥24. A 5-attitude dimensions model was used to assess physician-related factors of SCC, including physicians’ motivation, confidence, perceived health risks of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation, perceived benefits to physician, and perceived patient’s attitude. On each dimension, a score was calculated and analyzed as factor of practice in addition to demographic and professional factors and physician’s smoking status. The study included 92 physicians: 67.4% males; 57.6% aged 20-29 years. The proportion of physicians with appropriate practice was 32.6% (95% CI=23.0, 42.2) which was higher among females, married and older participants with children, as well as in non- and ex-smokers and Family Medicine specialists, by comparison to their counterparts. In the 5-attitude dimension model, confidence and motivation were higher among physicians who had appropriate practice versus the others; while other dimensions had no significant impact. In regression analysis, confidence was the strongest predictor of practice in SCC. The level of practice in SCC in PHC is insufficient, with only one-third of physicians adhering to appropriate counseling strategy, which is principally predicted by physician’s confidence. Keywords: Smoking Cessation Counseling, Practice, Confidence, Primary Healthcare, Physician. Title: Quality and Physician-Related Factors of Practice in Smoking Cessation Counseling in Primary Healthcare in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Author: Manal Abdulaziz Murad, Ali Mohammed Almana, Ibraheem Mohammed Almani, Hassan Mohammed Haddadi, Abdullah Adil A. Memish, Basma Abdulaziz Aloweidi, Abdulah Khalid Sagga International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: A retrospective chart review of 147 patients registered at a Middle-Eastern diabetic foot center (DFC) to assess prevalence, outcomes and predictors of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) healing. Data were collected for: 1) demographic data; 2) lifestyle and clinical factors, such as smoking, diabetes-related factors, and medical history; 3) first assessment and management of DFU, including location, date of onset, Wagner grade, accompanying neurovascular abnormalities (pulse, sensory loss, etc), associated factors (neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, foot trauma), and management strategy; and 4) outcome data including healing/unhealing, recurrence, amputation and mortality. Appropriate statistical tests were used to explore factors of healing and binary logistic regression was used to analyze its predictors. Of the patients, 73.5% males, mean±SD age at first registration=53.90±16.43 years, mean±SD diabetes duration=11.33±7.53 years, with poor glycemic control in 33.3%. Foot ulcer was right located in 57.8%, with high Wagner grade (grade 4-5) in 32.2% cases. Healing was achieved in 64.6% of the patients, over 3.47±0.62 month duration from ulcer onset. Outcomes of healing included 20.0% of recurrence leading to 15.8% amputations, 2.1% of newly-onset ulcers and no mortality. Most significant predictors of healing included young age, urban setting, high educational level, fair-to-good glycemic control, absence of comorbidities, lower Wagner grade, and absence of neurovascular abnormalities. Healing of DFUs is achieved in 2 of 3 patients over a relatively short period with low recurrence and mortality rates. Low grade ulcers in young patients, who have good glycemic control and no significant comorbid conditions are more prone to healing. Keywords: Diabetic Foot; Complications; Ulcer; Healing; Recurrence. Title: Outcomes and Predictors of Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcer in a Diabetic Foot Center in Western Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study Author: Salem Mohammed Barabie, Ahmed Salem M Barabie, Yazid Saleh Alharthy, Rafat Hassan Alansari, Abdulaziz Abdulrhman Alsolami, Mather jafar Alabduljabbar, Ahmed F Fathaldin Abdulkader, Faisal Mohammed Hassan Bin Shalhoub, Naif Muytiq International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is an unusual connective tissue disease that SSc preferentially affects mostly women, but still can affects males too, and generally begins in between 45 and 65 years. This review will focus on the Pathogenesis of SSc, also intended to discuss the treatment approaches of this dermatological disease, in addition aiming to emphasize the potential role of the genetics, epithelium, fibroblasts and immune system in the pathogenesis of SSc. A comprehensive search was performed to identify studies published in PubMed and the Cochrane database up to December 2016, in English language and involving human subject only and recently published abstracts were also reviewed our search was for detection of studies that discussing the pathogenesis and treatment of SSc. The pathogenesis of SSc is intricate and appears to include endothelium, epithelium, fibroblasts and immunological mediators, leading to dysregulated vascular renovation and, eventually, vasculopathy. Endothelial cell injury is an early and probably starting event, however the exact aetiology stays uncertain. Although the pathogenesis of SSc stays evasive, we are learning more about the disease systems, which will assist detectives in developing more targeted therapies for this devastating disease. A coherent unifying hypothesis to discuss the varied symptoms of SSc, including its vascular, immune, and fibrotic aspects, extremely comprehensive and could discuss the pathogenesis behind the SSc. Keywords: Systemic sclerosis (SSc), Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Title: Overview of Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis), Pathogenesis, and Treatment Author: Hind Sajdi Alatawi, Alshaymaa Abdulrahman Alshaikh, Arwa Meshal Alshaikh International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Antiarrhythmic therapy is commonly used for suppression of arrhythmias in patients with arrhythmogenic best ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in conjunction with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) and catheter ablation. The efficacy of mix flecainide and sotalol/ metoprolol treatment for patients refractory to single representatives and/or catheter ablation has actually not been well established. The main aim of this review is to explain our experience in utilizing the addition of flecainide in combination with sotalol/ metoprolol for the treatment of arrhythmias in patients with ARVC. In conclusion, The addition of flecainide in mix with sotalol/ metoprolol may be an efficient antiarrhythmic strategy for the control of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ARVC refractory to single agent therapy and/or catheter ablation. Keywords: Antiarrhythmic therapy, sotalol/ metoprolol treatment, ventricular. Title: Pathogenesis and Roles of Treatment Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Review Author: Sahli, Abdulaziz Ali Y, Turki Hessen Anab, Ismail Mohammed Taher Sumaily, Yahya Ali Aljefri, Zyad Ali Daghriri International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals