Vol 4 Issue 2 October 2016-March 2017

Abstract: Meningitis is an acute infection that causes inflammation of meninges, the protective membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be bacterial, viral fungal, or noninfectious meningitis depending on the causative agent; in which viral fungal is less severe and bacterial meningitis is more severe leading to Neisseria Meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenze. Neisseria Meningitidis, a human pathogenic bacteria, is responsible for one-third of all bacterial meningitis cases in the world. Neisseria meningitidis causes life-threatening meningococcemia when it infects blood and when it crosses the blood-brain barrier mixes with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and becomes highly lethal. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is the evolutionary dead end for this pathogen, since the ability to transmit the disease to other hosts will be lost after entering into the blood stream or central nervous system. This organism attacks people irrespective of age, but different vaccines are required for people of different ages. Notably, the cases have greatly decreased in Europe and North America with the introduction of conjugate vaccines (MenC and MenACWY) and in the sub-Saharan Africa with the introduction of MenAfriVac. The invention of conjugate vaccines not only protected from getting infected but put an impact on carriage as well. This helped in creating indirect protection to the unvaccinated population. Taking all these into consideration, immunization with new generation vaccines based on the age classes (such as infants to 1 year, adolescents, young adults and old age people) will have great impact on the disease and carriage. Hence there could a tremendous decrease of the incidence of meningococcal disease globally. Keywords: Neisseria meningitidis, immunity and Neisseria meningitidis vaccines, epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis. Title: Global Epidemiology and Prevention of Neisseria Meningitidis Author: SUJITHA V. K., SAMBHAJI S. PISAL, RAJEEV M. DHERE International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Dilutional Hyponatremia associated with liver cirrhosis is caused by impaired free water clearance. Sever studies have shown serum sodium level correlate with survival in cirrhotic patients. Low serum sodium concentration is an independent predictor of mortality in patients of cirrhosis, but prevalence and clinical signification is unclear. Little is known regarding the relationship between the degree of dilutional hyponatremia [1] and development in cirrhosis and evaluate the association between the serum sodium level and severity of complication in cirrhosis and its prognostic significance. Title: Study of Hyponatremia in Cirrhosis of Liver & It’s Prognostic value Author: Dr. Shirobhi Sharma, Nishant Wadhera, Abhishek Gupta, Sirohi T. R, S. K. Virmani International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The objective of this study is to focus in discussing the surgical treatment of pressure ulcer, and also to overview the pathophysiology, causes and risk factors of PU. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL and Cochrane databases for relevant English language studies with human subjects, published up to the end of 2016, identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs), reviews and meta-analysis studies. Current search was performed using the terms; pressure ulcer, pressure sore, decubitus, bedsore, surgical treatment. Bibliographies of identified articles were further reviewed for more relevant articles to be included in this review. The pressure ulcer patient’s way through the system depends on the local organization. In general, pressure ulcer patients are treated in your area. Debridement can be carried out by the local cosmetic surgeons. Comprehensive debridement needs to be performed in the operating room, however minor debridement is commonly performed at the bedside. Although much of these patients are insensate, others are unable to communicate pain sensation. Pain medication must be administered freely, and crucial signs might show pain understanding. It is crucial to cover the flaws with a thick flap to provide more support and protection to the locations which go through pressure and to lower the incidence of reoccurrences. Keywords: Ulcers, RCTs. Title: Management of Pressure Ulcers in general surgery wards Author: Hamdan Saad Hamdan Alaamri, Ali Ahmed Al-moadi Assiri, Abdulaziz Ahmed Ali Alamri, Hassan Mohammed Al-jarei Assiri, Ibrahim Abdullah Abdulrazaq Albakri, Abdullah Ali Abdullah Alshamrani, Assiri, Abdullah Saleh A, Anwar fahad albalawi International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Urolithiasis, also referred to as the formation of urinary stones, is a health issue that affects nearly all populations worldwide; it triggers extreme acute neck and back pain and periodically results in more extreme problems, such as pyelonephritis or severe renal failure. The present review primarily aim was to focuses on main three aspects of urolithiasis; Epidemiology, causes and factors contributing in urolithiasis, and finally treatment approaches. A computerized searched was conducted through several databases; PubMed/MIDLINE, Embase, for relevant studies discussing the urolithiasis prevalence, or causes and treatment, all studies that were published in English language with human subjects up to December, 2016. each identified study references list was manually searched for more relevant studies. The urolithiasis patients with a family history revealed greater serum calcium levels than did those without a family history and a propensity for increased excretion of urinary calcium. Lots of aspects of the system underlying kidney stone development stay unclear at present; hence, a much better understanding of this complex system will lead to the development of unique techniques for avoiding this disease, treatment choices for patients with urinary stones advanced considerably over the past couple of decades. Understanding about each treatment method including its benefits and unfavorable results is necessary for physicians to be able to pick the very best choice for the patients. Keywords: Urolithiasis, Epidemiology. Title: Urolithiasis, Epidemiology, Etiological factors, and Treatment: An Overview Author: Enad Ajlan Al-Qurashi, Salman Ibrahim O Alomran, Majed Fahad K Alsharari, Wesam Nafea S Alsharari, Muath Abdullah S Alshayban, Fahad Abdullah S Alwusaydi, Tariq Abdullah S Basalem, Mohammed Obaidallah Alattas, Mereehan Faisal Alqurashi International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Breast reconstruction has actually become a readily available option for a lot of females who need to undergo mastectomy. This review was aimed to focus in discussing the Reconstructive breast surgery after performing mastectomy, we intended to evaluate the surgical techniques and outcome of those reconstruction surgical intervention. Comprehensive electronic search through medical databases included Medline (using PubMed), PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library relevant studies that were published until December 2016, in English language, concerning the breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy. Improvements in autologous flap strategies, improvements in prosthetic innovations and the advancement of novel tissue substitutes have actually allowed for ongoing improvements in breast reconstruction results. In the future we can likewise anticipate that lots of new alternatives and strategies will have a substantial impact on reconstructive breast surgical treatment, consisting of nipple sparing mastectomy. Keywords: Surgical Reconstruction, Mastectomy. Title: Surgical Reconstruction Techniques after Mastectomy Author: Abdulhakim Hadi Alshehri, Abdullah Mohammed Alqarni, Ibrahim Ali I. Alasseri, Mohannad Ali Alomari, Sami saad al-shammari, Mohammad Balgaith Albareqi, Sultan Ali Alshehri International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: A cardiac arrhythmia simply defined is a variation from the normal heart rate and/or rhythm that is not physiologically justified. Arrhythmias are normally divided into 2 categories: ventricular and supraventricular. The present paper intended to fogous’ on discussing the cardiac arrhythmias from different aspects, most important the treatment approaches of most common types of this devastating condition which is, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). We conducted a computerized Literature search involving human subjects, published in English until December 2016, and indexed in MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. We reviewed articles related to supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) previously published by the ACC, AHA, and Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). References selected and published in each identified study was manually searched for more relevant articles. Understanding of the mechanism of each SVT is essential in figuring out management at the bedside and in the electrophysiology laboratory. Acknowledgment, identification, and differentiation of the various SVTs are of excellent significance in formulating an effective treatment method. Developments over the past 4 years have enabled the precise diagnosis of SVTs. Today, In the acute setting, both vagal maneuvers and pharmacologic therapy can be effective in arrhythmia termination most SVTs effective and safe. Keywords: Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Title: Cardiac Arrhythmias, Types, Complication and Treatment Author: Abdulhakim Hadi Alshehri, Abdullah Mohammed Alqarni, Ibrahim Ali I. Alasseri, Mohannad Ali Alomari, Sami Saad Al-Shammari, Mohammad Balgaith Albareqi, Sultan Ali Alshehri International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study was aimed to focus on reviewing the evidence and discussing the interaction roles of Vitamin D on the autoimmune disease, we intended to overview most common systemic autoimmune diseases and we excluded specific organ autoimmune disease. Comprehensive dilated search was performed of the literature through several medical science databases; MIDLINE (PubMed), Embase, for relevant studies which published in English up to December, 30. 2016 with human subjects. several Mesh terms were used in search methods among databases which are: “Vitamin D” AND “Autoimmune diseases” combined with “Systemic lupus erythematosus” AND “Rheumatoid arthritis” AND “Multiple sclerosis”. Studies references in the identified articles were searched for more relative studies to be included in our review. Epidemiological, genetic, and standard studies suggest a potential function of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of specific autoimmune diseases, the majority of which show a connection in between low levels of vitamin D and disease appearance or manifestations of these disease. Vitamin D has important functions beyond those of calcium and bone homeostasis which include modulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Keywords: Autoimmune Diseases Flares, Systemic lupus erythematosus. Title: Role of vitamin D deficiency on Autoimmune Diseases Flares Author: Dr. Zainab Mousa Al. Nemer, Dr. Layla Hassan Al. Nosair, Dr. Thara Alawi Al. Sharfa, Dr. Zainab Zaki Al. Jaffer International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) are dialysis options for end-stage renal disease patients in whom preemptive kidney transplantation is not possible. The selection of PD or HD will usually be based on patient motivation, desire, and geographic distance from an HD unit, physician and/or nurse bias, and patient education. Unfortunately, many patients are not educated on PD before beginning dialysis.The main aim of this review is to list the advantages and risks of peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Keywords: Peritoneal dialysis (PD), chronic kidney disease (CKD). Title: An Overview of Risk and Advantages of Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis Author: Albaraa Mohammad J Madkhali, Abdullatif Alhassan A Fathi, Albaraa Ahmed F Juraybi, Khalid Awaji M Jammali, Ahmed Abdullah Ahmed Hakami, Omar Abdulaziz Yahya Madkhali, Fahad Mousa Jawman Wasili, Ahmed Ibrahim Ibrahim Alkhawaji, Nasir Abdullah Mgboul, Rami Mohammed Yahya Alfaifi International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This review was aim to overview the RH from different perspectives, we intended to discuss the complications and diagnosis procedures and risk factors associated with Spontaneous retropharyngeal hematoma and the treatment approaches. We conducted an electronic search of literature through several medical databases; MIDLINE/PubMed, and Emabse databases mostly for all studies concerning Spontaneous retropharyngeal hematoma, published in English language until December, 2016.The start of symptoms related to an acute retropharyngeal process in whom MR recommended a specific medical diagnosis of retropharyngeal hematoma. This potentially lethal condition can be hard to identify scientifically and by CT imaging. Retropharyngeal hematoma is an unusual disease, however might establish distant from a presenting injury and in the setting of typical coagulation and platelet function. Resultant dyspnea is an ominous indication of impending respiratory collapse and requires promptly protecting the airway. Concomitant spine injuries need to be sought and when present, might further make complex efforts at airway management. Spontaneous retropharyngeal hematoma (RH) is a rare cause of intense non-inflammatory neck swelling that may rapidly evolve to upper respiratory airway obstruction. The diagnosis is frequently postponed because of its rarity and the lack of objective indications and diagnostic lab data in the majority of cases. Keywords: Diagnosis, Etiological factors, spontaneous retropharyngeal hematoma. Title: Overview of spontaneous Retropharyngeal Hematoma, Diagnosis, Etiological factors, and Treatment Author: Assaf Abdullah Alkatheri, Mohammad Mane M Alqhtani, Atteah Jebreel Al-abdali, Mohammed Moshabbab Abdullah Alqahtani International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: It has been forecasted that 221 million people will have diabetes around the world. The main treatment objectives for persons with diabetes consist of achieving optimal high blood pressure, lipid, and glycemic control .This requires adherence to a intricate and long-lasting routine of way of life modification, pharmacotherapy, periodic follow-up goes to with medical care service providers, and self-management skills (e.g. blood glucose monitoring, foot examinations, and so on) .Our searches identified 19 randomized controlled trials. Favorable effect sizes of household interventions on knowledge for 5 studies (N = 217) were demonstrated 0.94 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67, 1.82]. An useful impact of interventions on GHb for eight research studies (N = 505) was likewise observed using meta-analysis [− 0.6 (95% CI − 1.2, − 0.1)]. Evidence suggests that household interventions in family or home members of individuals with diabetes might work in enhancing diabetes-related knowledge and glycemic control. Keywords: Management of Diabetes Mellitus, self-management skills. Title: Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care Author: Wafa Hamad Galmutairi, Abeer Fahad M Al Mutairi, Huda Hamad G Al Mutairi International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Severe lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for over 75% of childhood leukaemias and is the most common childhood cancer. It is a complicated malignant disease that affects haematopoietic cells of the bone marrow and is epitomized by the malignant proliferation of lymphoblasts that impact the normal process of maturation and distinction of cells in the bone marrow, resulting in the replacement of regular bone marrow tissue with malignant cells .He aim of this paper is to systematically review studies on QOL in children during treatment for ALL with consideration to methodological details and quality of studies, empirical findings on QOL as reported by children and parents, and whether children and parents differ in their reports on QOL. Searches were conducted in biomedical, psychological and behavioral science databases. Six papers met inclusion criteria for review: 4 cross-sectional studies and 2 qualitative studies. This review reports on QOL research on kids with ALL drawing on quantitative and qualitative research studies performed in between 2001 and 2007. Efforts at advancing the study of QOL in kids on treatment for ALL were kept in mind, as obvious in a longitudinal research study style in 1 study, qualitative research in 2 research studies, direct access to children's reports on QOL in 3 research studies, and a shift to using disease particular QOL measures. The studies illustrate the prospective to continue advancing the methodology of QOL research study on kids with ALL. The knowledge obtained from future research, particularly empirical data, could supply beneficial details for professionals when resolving QOL care with children on retardment for ALL. This evaluation is based on a little number of studies, it offers a basis for upgrading over time as brand-new studies are published. Keywords: QOL, Severe lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Title: Systematic Review of Pediatrics Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Author: Abdullah Dial A Alshamrani, Shahd Sameer Majdali, Shahad Abdulbasit A Alhutami, Fatimah Abdullah R Al Herz, Mohammad Fawzi H Qusty, Ali Hashem M Alzahrani International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Impaired perineal wound healing has become a significant clinical problem after abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer. The increased use of neoadjuvant radiotherapy and wider excisions might have contributed to this problem the primary aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the impact of radiotherapy and an extralevator approach on perineal wound healing after abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer. The primary end point was overall perineal wound problems within 30 days after conventional or extralevator abdominoperineal resection with or without neoadjuvant radiotherapy. Secondary end points were primary wound healing, perineal hernia rate, and the effect of biological mesh closure on perineal wound problems. In conclusion neoadjuvant radiotherapy significantly increases perineal wound problems after abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer, whereas the extralevator approach seems not to be of significant importance. Keywords: Abdominoperineal Resection, Rectal Cancer, increases perineal. Title: Abdominoperineal Resection in Rectal Cancer: Systematic Review Author: Abdullah Maher A Aqeel, Emad Saeed A Alzahrani, Fouad Ahmad Alsaadi, Adnan Yousef Tashkandi, Yaslam Nasser Yaslam Basrada, Rayyan Abdullah M Munshi, Abdulrahman Yousef Tashkandi International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) makes up roughly 10.5 cases per 1000,000 of all strokes around the world. This review was aimed to discuss the surgical approaches for the treatment of aSAH, this paper also aims to overview the diagnostic procedures that could help in perfuming better surgical outcomes. An electronic search was conducted through MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, databases to identify all studies related to the surgical treatment option of Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage published up to December 2016. Aneurysmal SAH is a neurosurgical emergency with substantial morbidity and death. Effective management of patients with aSAH involves a multidisciplinary group consisting of neurosurgeons. Surgical clipping remains a conclusive treatment for ruptured cerebral aneurysms, and lots of methods have enhanced over the years to better technique, dissect, and protect both intricate and simple aneurysms following aSAH. Endovascular therapy is now a well-accepted option to surgical clipping for ruptured and non-ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The present advanced endovascular techniques for the treatment of aneurysmal SAH consist of coiling alone and coiling assisted by the balloon remodeling method. The use of freshly established self-expandable stents seems appealing, as their safety and effectiveness have actually been shown for the treatment of non-ruptured aneurysms. Keywords: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), neurosurgical. Title: Surgical Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Overview Author: Sarah Mohammed Albassam International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This review was aim to overview the diagnostic methods of gallbladder volvulus, as well as the surgical treatment approaches. We conducted a literature search among electronic databases PubMed (National Library of Medicine) using the keywords “gallbladder volvulus” and “gallbladder torsion” together with “diagnosis” and “treatment” up to December 2016, for more identifying case reports discussing the same diagnosis and treatment approaches (surgical treatment) of gallbladder volvulus. Gallbladder volvulus is a rare condition that requires an astute clinician with a heightened index of suspicion and low threshold for carrying out emergent cholecystectomy. This condition must be believed in elderly patients presenting with Right Upper Quadrant pain whose scientific course and signs are refractory to antibiotic treatment and fluid resuscitation. Diagnosis will remain challenging despite improving innovation, but recognition of the common presentation explained herein can result in precise preoperative diagnosis. Gallbladder volvulus mandates emergent cholecystectomy, to avoid visceral perforation, bilious peritonitis, and hemodynamic instability. Keywords: Diagnosis & Treatment Approaches, Gallbladder volvulus mandates. Title: Diagnosis & Treatment Approaches to Gallbladder Volvulus: Review Author: Eyad Saleem j. Alharbi, Jamal Sharaf Alzahrani, Yousef Mohammad Howssawi, Ahmad Zuhair Mashat, Abdulhamid Talal Abdulhamid Alghamdi, Mohammed Talal Alghamdi, Mohammad Siraj Ahmad Alghamdi, Ohoud Aid Alsefri, Mohammed Hassan Alharthi, Ahmed Saeed S. Banheem, Abdullah Khalid Alghamdi International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Blood Hypertension (HTN) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are from the highest prevalence chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia. Previous researches revealed the correlation between increased Creatinine and mortality rates among Coronary Artery Syndrome (CAS) patients. This research aims to assess the prevalence of DM, HTN and abnormal serum Creatinine level among hospitalized cardiac patients, in Hofuf, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study is done including a total of 58 patients from Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, in Hofuf. Analysis of study results showed typical prevalence of DM and HTN, and highest prevalence of abnormal Creatinine level among patients who suffer from both together. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Blood Hypertension (HTN) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Title: Prevalence of DM, HTN and Abnormal Serum Creatinine Level in Hospitalized Cardiac Patient: A Cross-Sectional Study Author: Musaab S. Alarfaj, Noura A. Alarfaj, Muhammad A. Albarut, Naif A. Almulhim, Abdulaziz S. Alkalouf, Abdulaziz I. Alwadani, Mohammad I. Alsaleh International Journal of Healthcare Sciences ISSN 2348-5728 (Online) Research Publish Journals