Vol 4 Issue 2 April 2016-June 2016

Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the soil fertility status of selected Community-based Forest Management sites in Kalinga. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for the different soil fertility indicators such as soil pH, Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), and Phosphorus (P). Results showed that the CBFM project in Pinukpuk, Kalinga had higher Nitrogen (N) content compared to the CBFM site in Tabuk City, Kalinga with an average of 1.548 and 1.354 respectively. In terms of Phosphorus (P) content, Pinukpuk site had an average of 4.647 while Tabuk City had an average of 3.4. For the Potassium (K) content, Pinukpuk site had an average content of 194.90 while only 48.71for the Tabuk City site. In terms of pH, the sites revealed that almost the same pH value of 5.159 and 5.114 respectively. CBFM site in Pinukpuk, Kalinga tremendously overturn the CBFM site in Tabuk City, Kalinga due to its higher plant biodiversity coupled with the presence of native tree species in the area as compares to that in Tabuk City CBFM area. Keywords: Community –based Forest Management, soil fertility, soil productivity, deterioration. Title: Soil Fertility Assessment of selected Community-Based Forest Management Sites in Kalinga, Philippines Author: Ernesto G. Guiabao International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: To predict the mathematical model for simulation of actinomycetes growth in building wood material. Actinomycetes growth is one of the first signs of biological growth linked to relative humidity and temperature condition in buildings materials. The numerical growth model was based on several models are found in literature. Quantification of actinomycetes growth in the model is based on mould index used in the experiments for visual inspection. This model consists of differential equations describe the growth rate of the actinomycetes index in vary fluctuating conditions including the effect of exposure time, temperature, relative humidity and dryness. Up to now the mathematical model to assess the actinomycetes growth which is based on steady boundary conditions. This study presented new results for modeling of actinomycetes growth on the surface of building materials such as wood, cement, concrete. Keywords: Actinomycetes, building material, modeling and relative humidity. Title: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT ACTINOMYCETES GROWTH IN BUILDING MATERIAL Author: Garima Arya, Jugmendra Singh International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online), ISSN 2348-1218 (print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Osmotic adjustment is an important and effective defence mechanism of salinity resistance in crop plants. The compatibles osmolytes in leaf and root of IR20, POKKALI, IR29 and NERICAI rice varieties were examined under NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions at 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 ds/m. Leaf proline and lipid peroxidase as well as root protein contents increased with increasing salinity in all the cultivars with the highest values recorded at 15 ds/m except in NERICA1 where there was a significant reduction in leaf proline and lipid peroxidase under Na2SO4 treatment, and IR29 with a significant decrease compared to the control and other treatments under both salts. The highest increase in the parameters obtained at 15 ds/m was generally more under NaCl than Na2SO4 relative to their respective control treatments in all the cultivars. The highest percentage increase in leaf proline was best in IR20 and IR29 under NaCl and Na2SO4 respectively while lipid peroxidase was best in IR20 under both salts. Salinity increased root protein content significantly in plants treated with saline solution except in IR29. The percentage increase was also higher under NaCl than Na2SO4 in IR20 and NERICA1 while the reverse was the case in POKKALI. Root total phenol was significantly reduced by salinity in the plants except in IR20 under NaCl as well as in IR20 and POKKALI under Na2SO4 treatment. The reduction was highest at 15 ds/m, which was more under NaCl than Na2SO4. Root reducing and non-reducing sugars declined under salt treatment. The decrease in reducing sugar was more in POKKALI and IR29 under NaCl as well as in IR20 and NERICA1 under Na2SO4. The non-reducing sugar decrease was however more under Na2SO4 in the plants except IR20. IR20 and NERICA1 showed the highest reduction under NaCl and Na2SO4 respectively. The rice cultivars showed aconsiderable changes in compatible osmolytes in response to salinity stress with variations depending on the cultivar and salt type. Keywords: adaptation, compatible osmolyte, proline, rice cultivars, salinity. Title: Osmotic Adjustment: A Defence Mechanism in Four High-Yielding Oryza Sativa L. Genotypes to Salt Stress Author: Foluso Ologundudu, Otitoloju Kekere International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study focused on the design and fabrication of a waste plastic oil converter as an effort in finding environment-friendly means of waste recycling. It is an alternative solution to increasing problem of waste disposal by converting waste plastics into a resource. Pyrolysis process was the basis in the design and fabrication of the equipment. It is a prototype/laboratory scale model that will serve as baseline in developing technology for energy recovery from waste plastics. The main components were the reactor assembly, condensing chamber, vapor line assembly, smoke cleansing unit and the waste water collecting unit. The reactor tank is made of stainless steel with holding capacity of 200g/batch of waste plastic. The equipment was tested for five trials using 200g of Type 6 plastics per trial. The temperature was controlled at 3800C and operating hour of 2 hours. Test result showed that the equipment is functional with conversion efficiency (wt %) of 78.1%, waste reduction efficiency (wt %) of 94.3% and oil recovery of 883 ml oil/kg of Type 6 waste plastic. Keywords: Waste plastic oil converter, Type 6 (Polystyrene) plastic, Conversion efficiency, Waste reduction efficiency, oil recovery. Title: Design and Fabrication of Waste Plastic Oil Converter Author: Elmo C. Rapsing, Jr. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study was conducted in the reservation area of the Kalinga State University located in Tawi, Bulbul, Rizal, Kalinga. The study aimed to determine the above-ground biomass and carbon stock of the reservation area. The methodologies used includes, measurement of trees at the diameter at breast height (dbh), gathering of corner points with the use of GPS and processing of data in Arc GIS. Above-ground biomass was computed through the allometric equation developed by Brown, (1997). Result of the study revealed that site 6 had the highest biomass (388.59 t/ha.) followed by sit 3 (187.05 t/ha.), site 5 (169.93 t/ha.), site 4 (131.86 t/ha.), site 2 (102.27 t/ha.)And site 1 (76.40 t/ha.). Comparison of carbon stock, site 6 had the highest carbon stock which is equivalent to 174.87 t/ha. Followed by site 3 (84.17 t/ha.), site 5 (76.47 t/ha.), site 4 (59.34 t/ha.), site 2 (46.02 t/ha.) and lowest at site 1 (34.38 t/ha.) Majority of the sites were fall under the optimum pH value. The study revealed that the reservation area has a good nitrogen level because majority of the species are nitrogen fixing trees (ipil-ipil). The reservation area has a mean of 14.5ppm. Based on Phosyn Chemicals Limited (1987, cited by Palijon, 1998), the guideline level for phosphorus is 50ppm. The study site is described as moderately low level of phosphorus. Result of the study revealed that the study site has a high level of potassium content which has a mean of 509ppm. Based on Phosyn Chemicals Limited (1987, as cited by Palijon, 1998), the guideline level for potassium is 200 ppm. Keywords: carbon stocks, biomass, allometric equation, tree species, soil fertility. Title: Carbon Sequestration Potential of Tree Species in the Reservation Area of Kalinga State University Author: For. Ernesto G. Guiabao International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The key to distinguishing the knowledge base of teaching lies at the intersection of content and pedagogy, in the capacity of a teacher to transform the content knowledge he or she possesses into forms that are pedagogically powerful and yet adaptive to the variations in ability and background presented by the students. There are various factors that may cause variation in pedagogical knowledge among student teachers. In present paper gender have been taken as one of these factors for study its influence on pedagogical knowledge It is an attempt to identify whether male and female student teachers differ in their pedagogical knowledge or not. Keywords: Pedagogical Knowledge, transform the content knowledge, presented by the students. Title: Does Gender Influence Pedagogical Knowledge Author: Dr. Rashmi Sharma International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study is to determine the effectiveness of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program of Barangay, Ligtong 1, Rosario Cavite among its community residents. Its effectiveness was assessed using variables, namely, level of awareness, level of involvement, and the strategies they use. Mixed Method was used in accumulating the data needed in the study. Two key experts were interviewed and the survey questionnaires were distributed to 100 residents of Barangay Ligtong 1. The results show that the local residents are moderately aware of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management program. The residents preferred consultation meetings into their Barangay. The residents agreed that they are involved in their community's Disaster Risk Reduction programs. The rate result of the residents when it comes to the Disaster Risk Reduction programs were very effective; it means that the communication strategies and connection with the people were all approved and effective as perceived by the people. Hence, it can be concluded that the Programs of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program being implemented by the Barangay and LGU's are effective. It is recommended that the implementers both on the barangays and the local government should focus more on implementing seminars and consultation meetings regarding coastal clean-up, basic life support and first aid drills since the residents and the officials are more actively participating in seminars. The implementers of the campaign should minimize the focus on simulation and drills, film showing, releasing of flyers, posters and usage of Social Media to relay announcements to the residents. Conducting coastal clean-up, issuance of public advisories during calamities, canal up, and canal widening to reduce the possibility of flooding. Keywords: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program, Implementation, Communication Plan, Effective Implementation and Four Thematic Areas. Title: The Implementation of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Programs in the Municipality of Rosario, Cavite: Basis for a Proposed Strategic Communication Plan Author: Mariel Angela D. Bayugo, Allisther D. Plaza, Gessika A. Savillo, Reginald H. Gonzales International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Levels of heavy metals: cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) were investigated in the vegetables (carrots and tomatoes) planted on farms near the old mining sites in Jos, Plateau State. The vegetables were planted and harvested during the two seasons, dry and raining seasons of 2014. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used for the analyses. The results showed that concentrations of most of the metals were above the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) maximum permissible limit. Cadmium (Cd) concentration ranged from 0.01–0.45mg/kg, lead (Pb) concentrations ranged from 0.01– 0.43mg/kg, arsenic (As) concentrations ranged from 0.02 -1.20mg/kg lastly, mercury (Hg) concentrations ranged from 0.01 – 0.39mg/kg. The concentrations of the metals followed the order of Cd< Pb < As < Hg. It was observed that the uptake of metals by tomatoes was higher than carrots’ uptake. Keywords: heavy metals, vegetables, atomic absorption spectrometry, FAO/WHO maximum permissible limit. Title: Determination of the Contamination Levels of Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic and Mercury in the Vegetables from Old Mining Site of Jos Plateau, Nigeria Author: DORCAS OLUYEMI JOSEPH, JOSEPH NDANUSA EGILA, SUNDAY JOHN SALAMI International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study developed a set of quantitative indicators by combining Porter’s Five Forces model and Analytical Hierarchy Process for determining the best marketing strategy. Michael Porter’s industry analysis techniques was employed to identify the existing competitive advantages as well as the key factors of business success and to create the strategy framework for positioning a business in the plywood industry in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The integration of Analytic Hierarchy Process and Porter’s Five Forces model can set up a series of procedure to evaluate the current strategy by prioritizing the important criteria for the company. The major advantage of applying this framework is that the company can systematically select an optimal marketing strategy. Through in-person interviews, a nine point-scale and Likert-type Scale Response Anchors (modified) was used to assign relative score to pair-wise comparison amongst corresponding criteria. The company studied chose the differentiation strategy that aims at creating highly perceived benefits for customers, developing innovative product design, offering pervasive customer services and unique product features, as well as developing and applying distinctive distribution channels and state-of-the art technology. Keywords: strategic marketing, plywood industry, Porter five forces model, AHP. Title: An Optimal Marketing Strategy For Indonesian Plywood Industry: A Decision-Making With Porter Five Forces Model And AHP Author: Makkarennu, Badrullah International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Due to the nature of the work there, transfer of pathogens from fomites can easily occur in a clinical laboratory science teaching lab and cause infectious diseases in lab users and other persons with whom they interact. Purpose: To determine whether solid surfaces in a clinical laboratory science teaching lab act as fomites, what microbes are harbored by them, and explore the significance of the findings. Method: The study employing an experimental design was conducted at a university in central Jamaica, WI. Six solid surfaces including door handles, work station counter tops, hand wash sink faucet, student’s lab coat sleeve, and the seat of a wooden lab stool were swabbed and cultured onto MacConkey, blood and chocolate agar media. Results: Gram negative bacteria were recovered from all sites except for the work station counter top which showed no growth. Microbes recovered in descending order of occurrence were Pantoea agglomerans, Serratia rubidaea, Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli. Conclusion: Solid surfaces in a clinical laboratory science teaching lab act as fomites although not all microbes are clinically significant to immunocompetent persons. Keywords: Fomites, teaching lab, infection control, pathogens, Pantoea agglomerans, Serratia rubidaea, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli. Title: Isolation of Pathogenic Bacteria from Fomites in a Clinical Laboratory Science Teaching Lab Author: Kerene Walker, Jermaine Walters, Shellon Solomon, Thonishae Coley International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study was conducted in four sites located in Bagbag, Bulbul, Rizal, Kalinga. The study aimed to determine the above-ground biomass, carbon stock and soil fertility of the four mango plantations site. The methodologies used includes interview, measurement of trees at the diameter at breast height (dbh), collection of soil samples, gathering of corner points with the use of GPS and processing of data in Arc GIS. Above ground biomass was computed through the allometric equation developed by Brown, (1997). Result showed that the site 2 had the highest above-ground biomass and carbon stock which is equal to 18.51 t/ha, and 8.33 t/ha respectively followed by site 4 (16.07 t/ha, 7.24 t/ha), site 3 (12.29 t/ha, 5.53 t/ha), and lowest at site 1 (7.32 t/ha, 3.24 t/ha). In terms of soil chemical properties, the four sites revealed that pH, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus are moderately low while potassium was very high which has a mean of 705ppm. Keywords: Carbon Stocks, Biomass, Mangifera Indica, Soil Fertility. Title: Above-Ground Carbon Stock Assessment of Mango-Based Agroforestry in Bulbul, Rizal, Kalinga, Philippines Author: Ernesto G. Guiabao International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Horton’s equation is one of the earliest and most popular empirical models for simulating infiltration. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the method for determining Horton’s decay constant from three (3) methods to determine their simplicity and accuracy. Six (6) infiltration tests was carried out and the average of the six tests was used for determining the steady state infiltration rate ic = 4cm/hr and initial infiltration rate io = 34cm/hr. Three methods were used to evaluate the decay constant k, Method I and III gave same result 0.8099 and the result of Method II is 0.8086. It is clear that there is no significant difference between the results, method II proved to be error prone. Method I is highly recommended above Method II and III because it is less disposed to error and simple to calculate. Keywords: Decay constant, linear regression, infiltration capacity, Horton’s model. Title: Evaluation of Methods for Estimating the Decay Constant (K) of Horton’s Infiltration Model Author: Ajayi A. S., Brai M. A., Eriakha E. C., Ehiomogue P. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The efficacy of various parts of Jatropha curcas in the control of termites was considered in the laboratory. These parts which included the leaves, seeds, bark and the roots were pulverized and diluted in non-toxic polar (ethanol) and non-polar (n-hexane) solvents to extract the active ingredient. In the laboratory experiment, the extracts obtained from the different parts were tested for mortality on termite castes. 5ml of various extracts obtained from pulverized parts of the plant were applied on 10 termites containing five soldiers and five workers which were earlier obtained from a termitarium. The in vitro tests conducted in a petri dish in the laboratory consisted of three replicates for each extract. Mortality rates of termites was observed and recorded at 15, 30, 45, and 60 seconds interval while data obtained were analyzed and means of values separated using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Test. Data obtained showed that all the extracts were effective in the control of termites while n-hexane bark was significantly different showing the highest mortality rate compared to other treatments. Keywords: Pest control, Jatropha curcas, Plant extract, termite, Akungba-Akoko. Title: The Adopted Use of Jatropha Curcas in the Control of Termites (Microcerotermes Beesoni) Author: Olotuah, O.F. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The ultimate aim of any educational system is to ensure and incorporate an overall development of an individual by inculcating not only academic excellence but also physical fitness by promoting pro-fitness life- style, which means that an adult will engage in different forms of physical activity on a regular basis, resulting in health enhancement. Relevant researches have been carried out by multiple authors to investigate attitude of school going children and adolescents towards physical education and sports. Different aspects of attitudes towards physical education and sport were also studied by researchers from numerous countries using diagnostic questionnaires. The current study was undertaken to study the impact of school level sports clubs (SLSC) membership on building of attitude towards physical education and sports. The differences of attitudes towards physical education and sports were compared between members of school level sports club and youth of the same age that did not participate in the activities of those clubs. The study questionnaire was sent out to 623 randomly selected school level sports clubs (SLSC) in Jharkhand (India). A covering letter explaining the purpose and procedure of testing was also dispatched along with the questionnaire. However, only 103 school level sports clubs responded by reverting back with correctly filled questionnaires. 2704 questionnaires were selected for statistical analysis. The research tool, (i.e., diagnostic questionnaire) developed by Strzyzewski (1990) was used to make further studies. The obtained results indicate the attitude of questionnaire respondents towards physical education and sport is positive but reserved. Despite the strength of the cognitive component (cognitive scores were highest), the actual participation in out of school sports activities was insufficient (low values of behavioral scores). School level sports club (SLSC) members have more positive attitudes towards physical education and sport than their non-SLSC counterparts. Keywords: Attitude, Educational process, Physical education, Sports, School level sports club (SSLC), Questionnaire. Title: Impact of Sports Club Membership on Building of Attitude towards Physical Education and Sports Author: Ravi Bhushan, Dr. Pravin P. Shiledar International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations ISSN 2348-1218 (print), ISSN 2348-1226 (online) Research Publish Journals