Vol 4 Issue 1 January 2016-March 2016

Abstract: Physiologic processes and outcomes sometimes are divorced from mental health status. However, scientific research has proven this to be incorrect and reckless. There is a close relationship between mental health and human immune functioning. The incidences of infectious and autoimmune disorders link them with stressful conditions. The objective of this review paper was to explore the functioning of the human immune system during stressful conditions. Keywords: Immunity, central nervous system, psychoneuroimmunology, stress, infections, antigens, antibodies, catecholamine. Title: The Integration of Mental Health and Immunity: A Review of Human Immune Function in Stressful Conditions Author: Kerene Walker International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study examined the acute toxicity of Sponge plant (Luffa cylindrica) fruit extract (a piscicide) on Clarias gariepinus juveniles under laboratory conditions using static non renewable bioassays over a period of 96 hrs. The fish (mean weight and length 14.72±3.63g and 13.12±1.01cm) were exposed to concentrations of 13500mg/L, 15000mg/L, 16500mg/L and 18000mg/L L. cylindrica extract. The physicochemical parameters of test media were relatively stable except the TDS and conductivity which increased with increase in concentration and exposure time. The LC50 of the fruit extract was 14125.38m/L while the LT50 was found to be 28.18hrs, 38.02hrs, 70.80hrs and 151.36hrs for 18000mg/L, 16500mg/L, 15000mg/L and 13500mg/L respectively. The ANOVA revealed significant variation between treatments and control for fish mortality (F=129.83 at P<0.05). The physiological changes analyzed revealed that TBF decreased while the OBF increased with increase in concentration and exposure time. The fish exposed to the extract displayed some behavioural changes like prolonged vertical movement, rapid movement and jumping, changes in skin colour with heavy secretion of mucus. Pathological changes were observed on the gills (loss of lamellae, necrosis, and serious lamellae distortion) and liver (alterations in the tissues with steatosis, vacuolations and necrosis) of the test organism. The result of this study shows that the extract of L. cylindrica fruit is toxic to fish which implies that stringent measures should be taken to ensure the restraint of its usage by the local fishers to reduce the potential risk of poisonous fish consumption and pollution of aquatic ecosystem. Keywords: Acute toxicity, Luffa cylindrica, Claria sgarepinus, Extract, Piscicides. Title: Acute Toxicity of Sponge Plant (Luffa Cylindrica) Fruit Extract on African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus, Buchell 1822) Juveniles Author: Odioko, Edafe, Sikoki, Francis David, Vincent-Akpu, Ijeoma Favour, Utibe, Daniel Ita International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: There is a close association between obesity and type 2diabetes. The likelihood and severity of type 2 diabetes are closely linked with body mass index (BMI). Aim: The objectives of this study were to explore the relation between body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: 86 patients, which were all newly-diagnosed with diabetes mellitus or pre-diabetes, from January until March 2016 in the policlinic of Korca-Albania, were recruited and evaluated. To evaluate the obesity we used the body mass index (BMI). Results: During the three-months study, 81 people were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 5 people with pre-diabetes. Of those, 54 were females (62%), and 32 were males (38%). The mean age of diagnosed people was 59.6 ± 10.8 (SD) years of age. The most affected age with diabetes mellitus was 60-69 with (34% of new cases). The mean BMI among this group of newly diagnosed patients with diabetes mellitus or pre-diabetes, was 28.8 ± 3.5 (SD). The most prevalent was the BMI 25-29.9 kg/m² with 45 cases or (52%), followed by BMI 30-34.9 kg/m² with 26 cases or (30%). The prevalence of overweigh was higher in newly diagnosed patients, than obesity. People diagnosed with diabetes, who had normal BMI values 18-24.9 kg/m², were only 10 cases or (11.6%). Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are major health problems associated with increased risk of diabetes. The prevalence of overweigh was higher in newly diagnosed patients, than obesity Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Pre-diabetes, Overweight, Obesity, BMI. Title: THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY MASS INDEX TO DIABETES MELLITUS AND PRE-DIABETES Author: Ema Lumi, Prof.Asc Thanas Furreraj, Entela Puca, Blertina Olldashi, Prof.Asc.Elizana Petrela, Prof. Dr. Agron Ylli International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Thyroid nodules are a very frequent pathology of thyroid gland and mostly they are benign. Their prevalence varies according to the method we use to detect them. When we use ultrasound prevalence varies from 5-68 %. Ultrasound is safe, painless easy to performed, fast and non-invasive medical test to detect thyroid nodule. Objective: To see the incidence of thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer detected by ultrasonography in outpatients healthy individual. Material and methods: This retrospective study is done at American Hospital during 1 October 2014 until 30 December 2014.We included 700 healthy adult outpatients. Exclusion criteria included age under 18 years old, history for thyroid disease, thyroid cancer or previous thyroid surgery. We performed conventional thyroid ultrasound in all patients by using transducer 10-13 MHz. The presence and the size of the nodules were than correlated with age and gender. We separated solitary thyroid nodules into two subclasses: ≤10 mm and ˃10 mm. Results. Thyroid ultrasound was performed in 700 participants and from them 584 (83, 4%) were females and 116 (16, 6%) were males. Mean age was 45,1 years old ±12,65 SD range from 18 -76. Thyroid nodules were present in 36.2% (238/700) with ratio female/male 7:1. From the 238 participants with nodules, solitary nodules were present in 57.1% of them and multinodular goiter were present in 42,9%. Incidental thyroid nodules were detected in 29, 3% (34 out of 116) of males and in 34,9% (204 out of 584) of females . Females had a higher frequency of nodularity than men (p<0.001). For solitary nodules and MNG females had a higher frequency than males respectivetly 81.6% versus 18.4%, and 91,1% versus males 8,9 %. For nodules over 10 mm females showed a prevalence of 26.1% and males 20% (p=0.284), but without a significant gender difference. For nodules less than 10 mm female showed a prevalence 73,8% and males 80%. Conclusion: Our date showed that thyroid nodules were very common findings almost 36.2%. The thyroid nodules were more common in women than in men. The number of cases with thyroid cancer was lower. Keywords: thyroid nodule, thyroid cancer, ultrasound. Title: Thyroid Nodule and Thyroid Cancer Incidentally Detected by Ultrasonography in Adu+Lts Outpatients with Unknown Thyroid Disease Author: Entela Puca, Blertina Olldashi, EmaLumi, Sonila Bitri, Elizana Petrela, Thanas Fureraj, Agron Ylli International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Three Sudanese sorghum cultivars (Tabat, Hageen and Feterita) were collected from Khartoum local market, cleaned milled on roller mill to extract 78% flour, the same cultivars were decorticated to extract 78% flour milled on stone mill and plate mill. Sorghum grains were tested for hardness; flours were tested for milling quality (granulation, moisture losses, protein recovery and ash contents). About 78% of wheat flour extraction was collected from Khartoum local market, the optimum blend of sorghum to wheat flours for Asida (Porridge) making was selected to be 10%.Asida produced from the three cultivars with the three milling methods were sensory evaluated: The mean score for color, texture, taste and overall acceptability showed no significant differences at (p<0.05) between the overall acceptability of Tabat milled on roller mill, decorticated Tabat milled on plate and stone mills, this group of flours produced the best Asida quality, followed by decorticated Hageen milled on plate mill and Hageen milled on roller mill, respectively. The least overall acceptance was evaluated as Feterita milled on stone mill followed by Feterita milled on plate mill, its red color is revealing undesirable sensory attributes. However, Asida taste showed the least variation among the evaluated quality parameters, decorticated Tabat milled on stone mill was rated the best, followed by Tabat milled on roller mill. Keywords: Porridge quality, Sorghum milling, hardness. Title: Quality Evaluation of Three Sudanese Sorghum Cultivars for (Asida) Porridge Making Author: Saifeldin Mohamed Khair Abdelrahim, Hassan A. Mudawi, Omar Bashir Ahmed International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT; also termed as sleeping sickness) is a parasitic disease caused by African trypanosomes belonging to the genus Trypanosoma, species brucei. Diagnosis usually involves screening of populations using serological tests, confirmation of infection by parasitological demonstration of trypanosomes in body fluids, and subsequent staging of the disease which ultimately determines the treatment to be administered. This means that diagnosis should be both accurate and timely. Diagnosis is however limited by lack of specific, accurate and field applicable tools. This review focuses on the currently applied serological tests for diagnosis of sleeping sickness, highlighting their merits and limitations, and discuses the emerging advances in the serodiagnosis of this neglected tropical disease. Improved diagnostic tools specific for HAT will certainly contribute towards the successful elimination of the disease from sub-Saharan Africa Keywords: Trypanosomiasis, serodiagnosis, antigen, antibody, sensitivity, specificity. Title: Antibody-Antigen Detection Tests for Sleeping Sickness Diagnosis: Are There Opportunities For Advancement? Author: Simon Ngao Mule, Louis Allan Okwaro International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: An attempt has been made to assess the efficiency of carrot waste and beetroot waste added diets on variation in biochemical constituents and total carotenoids in skin and muscle tissue of Goldfish C.auratus. For this isonitrous (37% protein) diets (CWD and BWD) supplemented with carrot waste 5% and beetroot waste 5% were prepared individually and offered to the candidate fish in 5% body weight at ad libitum for a period of 40 days. Simultaneously a control diet (CD) with 37% protein but devoid of neither carrot waste nor beetroot waste also prepared and used for experimentation. The results indicated that in the skin and muscle tissue of candidate fish, the protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents were found to varied between diets and also during various time intervals of experimental period. In carrot waste supplemented diet fed fishes, the skin and muscle protein content varied from 4.32±0.38 to 6.49±0.16 mg/100mg wet tissue and from 7.05±0.49 to 9.30±0.01mg/100mg wet tissue respectively. Likewise,in beetroot waste fed fishes, the skin and muscle protein content varied from 4.32±0.38 to 6.66±0.09mg/100mg wet tissue and from 7.05±0.49 to 9.47±0.30mg/100mg wet tissue respectively, But in control diet fed fishes, the skin and muscle protein content recorded was less when compared to experimental diets (CWD and BWD) fed groups and here the values registered were 4.32±0.38 to 6.16±0.05mg/100mg wet tissues and 7.05±0.49 to 8.55±0.27mg/100mg wet tissues. More or less a similar trend was noticed for the skin and muscle carbohydrate and lipid contents of experimental fishes, which received CWD and BWD diets. The dietary addition of carrot waste and beetroot waste has also influenced the total carotenoid content in the skin and muscle tissues of C.auratus. Keywords: Carrot, Beetroot, Carotenoid, Carassiusauratus. Title: Carrot Waste and Beetroot Waste Supplemented Diet Promoting Carotenoid Changes in Freshwater Goldfish C.Auratus Author: K. Jayala Jasmin, Beena Somanath International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the species composition, community structure, species diversity, and economic uses to the people living in the coastlines of Northern Samar, Philippines. Sampling was done during the low tides of the day in the three areas of the province, namely: Balicuatro Area, Central Area, and Pacific Area. Environmental conditions were also studied, which included the water pH, temperature, salinity, depth, and substrate. Reconnaissance survey was conducted first before the actual sampling was done. In each of the area, three representative municipalities that have muddy, sandy and rocky substrates were included. The systematic quadrat sampling technique was used in gathering the specimens. A 100m transect line was laid out from the intertidal to subtidal zones (from landward to seaward) of the coastlines. From there, five quadrats of 1 sq m with intervals of 20m were established. All mollusc species within the quadrat were counted and identified. Representative samples were taken to the laboratory for further authentication and preservation. The specimens were boiled and the meat was removed. The shells were air dried and were placed in display boxes for the biological collection. Residents in the coastlines were interviewed using interview guide translated to Samarnon dialect about the economic uses of molluscs. The molluscs belonged to 2 classes, 2 sub-classes, 7 orders, 4 sub-orders, 30 super families, 50 families, 1 sub-family, and 100 genera. Family Conidae has the highest number of collected species, followed by family Cypraeidae, and family Strombidae. Cerithium tenellum Sowerby has the highest density, frequency, importance value and ecological importance; i.e. this species can be found in all the areas of the province. Balicuatro Area had the highest number of mollusc species collected. The species diversity using the Shannon Index is 6.93, which showed a high species diversity index for a real community. Molluscs can inhabit very well in rocky substrates; deeper waters; neutral pH; higher temperatures and higher salinity levels. The type of substrates have influenced the abundance, distribution, and species diversity. There is a high species diversity of mollusc fauna in the province. They are used for food, shell craft industry, i.e. wall and hanging decorations, jewelry, etc., medicinal uses, i.e. laxative, lime, etc., for biological studies, and for ethnozoological uses, i.e. used in rites, rituals, customs and traditions of the people. Keywords: community structure, molluscs, diversity, substrate, abundance. Title: Community Structure of Molluscs in Northern Samar, Philippines Author: Divina Minguez-Galenzoga International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The growth pattern of Oreochromisniloticus and Sarotherodongalilaeus in Lake Geriyo of Adamawa State was investigated. One hundred (100) samples of each species were collected from fishermen catches at the landing site. They were transported to the Department of Fisheries Laboratory for identification, sexing morphometric measurement. The results showed that 58.0% and 56.0 % of the O.niloticus and S.galilaeus were female respectively while 42.0% and 44.0% were male respectively.. The length-weight relationship of O.niloticus showed a strong regression coefficient (r = 0.944) (p<0.05) for the combined sex, (r =0.903) (p<0.05) for female and (r=0.986) (p<.05) for male with b-value of 2.5, 3.1 and 2.8 respectively. The S.galilaeus also showed a regression coefficient of r=0.970; p<0.05 for the combined sex, r=0.953; p<0.05 for the female and r= 0.979; p<0.05 for the male with b-value of 3.4, 3.1 and 3.6 respectively. O.niloticus showed an isometric growth pattern both in male and female. The condition factor in O.niloticus are 1.93 and 1.95 for male and female respectively while that of S.galilaeus is 1.95 for both sexes.Positive allometric was observed in both species except the male O.niloticusthat showed negative allometric growth pattern. From the results of this study, the growth pattern of the two species indicated a good healthy environment. Keywords: Lake Geriyo, Length-weight relationship, Oreochromisniloticus, Sarotherodongalilaeus. Title: Growth Pattern and Condition Factor of Oreochromis Niloticus and Sarotherodon Galilaeus in Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State Author: H. A., ADEDEJI, M. D.HYGINUS, T.A. IDOWU, O. A. SOGBESAN International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: An engineering based remediation technologies of heavy metals from contaminated soil are time consuming, expensive, create noise to the environment. Accumulation of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, Ni is destructive to not only plants and animals but also to complete ecosystem. Lead contamination keeps on increasing day by day from industrial waste, paints, ceramics, use of biosolids and many more. Metals cannot easily degrade so effective remediations need to be required to reduce the toxicity. Phytoremediation is most promising approach to degrade the contamination, this is environmental friendly approach, cost effective, socially accepted, easy to maintain and it also has long term applicability. It involves the growing hyperaccumulator plant species to detoxify and remove environmental contamination by biological, chemical, physical processes of plants. Hyperaccumulators are plant species that achieve shoot to root metal concentration ratio greater than one. Brassica juncea and Vetiveria zizanioides grass are well known Pb hyperaccumulator. This review article describes the Lead contamination, effects of Lead toxicity in plants, phytoremediation of lead using Brassica juncea and vetiveria zizanioides, effects of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in phytoremediation and chelate assisted phytoremediation.

Keywords: Phytoremediation, Hyperaccumulator plant species, environment friendly, ROS, Chelate assisted phytoremediation.

Title: Phytoremediation of Lead Using Brassica Juncea and Vetiveria Zizanioides

Author: Himanshi Sharma

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Sampling of the Physico-chemical factors from two stations on the surface water of Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India was carried out biweekly over a period of 3 months of 2014. The aims were to determine some Physico chemical parameters of water pollution. Temperature was measured using mercury in glass thermometer. Dissolved oxygen was determined by modified Winkler azide method while Phosphate was determined by Vendo Molybdate Method, Estimation of Sulphate as Sulphur in sample by Nephelometric Method, measurements of total hardness by Complexometric Method. The result revealed that the major causes of water quality deterioration were related to excess usage of fertilizers and chemicals for increasing yield of the crop or releasing the sewage into the lake, due to cumulative effect of human activities where in sewage disposal oxygen is used in decomposing these organic water, eutrophication which causes algal bloom and therefore inability of oxygen to adequately dissolved in the water or the lentic nature of the site where was no serious upturns. As this Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore, and today is a house of different variety of birds, animals, plants and fishes it is very essential to stop sewage disposal and illegal excessive land encroachments to eliminate the eutropohication of the lake, which this results of the Physico-chemical examination of this lake could be helpful in the management of the lake for its water quality and fisheries.

Keywords: Physico-chemical factors, Kukkarahalli Lake, Water pollution, Water quality.

Title: Determination of PH, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulphate, Phosphate and Total Hardness as of Some Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Pollution in Kukkarahalli Lake in Mysore City-India

Author: Hanieh Farzaneh, Dr. S. Mokshapathy

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper is the further discussion about our previous study on herbicide and haze. Here, two experiments reveal the hazards of herbicide again, and a new method to eliminate the hazard of herbicide is pointed out. Based on the process of distribution movement of herbicide caused poisonous gas and powder in atmosphere. The space and time distribution of haze density in China are mentioned and the mechanism is pointed out. The haze in United States and China are compared and analyzed. The issues about a group of people who are more and less likely to suffer from haze are mentioned.

Keywords: haze, PM 2.5, burning, herbicide.

Title: Further Discussion about Herbicide, Haze and Corresponding Countermeasures

Author: Qiyuan Lu

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Synthesis of various nanostructures is under many scientific considerations to prepare and characteriza tion of the bionanostructures and nanobiocrystals of controllable geometry with the ease of their smallest size at nanoscale.  Many chemical and green modification of nanoparticles such as nanocrystals, nanosphere, nanodiscs, nanocubes, nanowires, nanoballs and nanorods are going to be formulated with many biocompatible and nontoxic biomaterials (carbon nanotubes, chitosan, albumin and lipopolysaccharides and polysaccharides) or metals ions (gold, silver, iron and copper). These formulated nanobiomaterials along with fabricated metal ions were found to improve the oxidative etching effect in nanostructures/nanocrystals that play very implicative role in fabrication of nanostructures geometry and their characterization. Bovine serum albumin was used as a cost effective matrix for preparing the nanoparticles due to having couple of exploitable characteristics e.g. biocompatibility, non-antigenicity, easily biodegraded and non-toxicity. Hence, present study can provide a potential approach of green synthesis of nano-crystals that find to be control shape of bovine serum albumin nanoballs at their least nanoscale by using olive oil which naturally occurring and antibactericidal bioemulsifier. Characterization of prepared bovine serum albumin nanoballs was done with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe the exhibited size and shape of prepared nanoballs. And, this proposed study can be proved a cost effective technology to prepare non-toxic and biocompatible bovine serum albumin nanoballs to explore their therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine and nanomedicine being as nonviral gene or drug nanoframes to carry out the site specific delivery.

Keywords: Bovine serum albumin; Oilve oil; Nanoballs; Nanocubes; Nanodiscs, Nanocsystals, Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Title: Green Synthesis of Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoballs by Using Olive Oil

Author: Kirti Rani

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The unique property of the titanium oxide nanoparticles to characterize the major attention towards the present nanotechnology. The environmentally nontoxic, ecofriendly, and cost-effective method that has been developed for the synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles using fungi creates the major research interest in the field of nanobiotechnology. So in this work we are planned to investigate the biosynthesis of titania nanoparticles by isolated fungi Fusarium oxporum. The nano particles can be characterized by following techniques, which provide important information for the understanding of different physicochemical features. The most extensively used techniques are Optical Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy, Flurosence Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy.

Keywords: BIO-SYNTHESIS, titanium oxide, nano particles, Spectroscopy, Fusarium oxporum.

Title: Bio-Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles by Fusarium oxysporum

Author: S.Ganapathy subramanyam, Siva.k

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals

Abstract: An interesting pattern and trajectory of development emerges from the study of the numerous aspects and nuances of Employment behaviour of Female Workers in the various Quinquennial Employment-Unemployment Survey (EUS) rounds of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). The general trend which gets highlighted is that employment levels of women workers are decreasing persistently over the consecutive rounds. In view of this fact the latest Employment-Unemployment Survey (EUS) data published by NSSO has been explored to study the effect of socio-economic and socio-religious determinants of Female Work Force Participation Rate (FWFPR) on the labour supply decision of female workers (age 15-59 years). Working with the unit level data of the 68th (2011-12) Round of NSSO, logistic regression methods have been used, as in such cases the model does not always make distributional assumptions on the predictors which can be both continuous and discrete. Results show that socio-religious factors are more important than socio-economic factors in determining the work participation of female workers. Most important is the kind of work that women are engaged in which determines the effect of these factors.

Keywords: Gender, Employment, Rural, Landownership, Socio-religious groups, Female Work-Force Participation.

JEL Classification: J16, J21, J22, J23.

Title: Inter-Relationship of Socio-Economic and Socio-Religious Factors of Female Employment in Rural India: An Empirical Study

Author: Sanghamitra Kanjilal

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Research Publish Journals