Vol 4 Issue 1 January 2016-March 2016

Abstract: Ca²⁺-oscillations pave the way for activation of eggs in many animals that are discussed here. This so called “repetitive” rises is instrumental in embryonic development; the comparative analysis in various animals below illustrates the importance of Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ (to some extent), both being divalent cations, in the process of egg development. Only recently it has been found that a sperm-derived factor “phospholipase Cᶉ”, is the most likely sperm candidate,that is pivotal in the Ca²⁺-oscillations. Phospholipase Cᶉ is capable of converting phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bis-phosphate into diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP₃). The latter binds to receptors present on the membrane of ER (endoplasmic Reticulum), thereby opening up and aiding in the transport of Ca²⁺ oscillatory rise in the cytosol. This event is instrumental in activating various dormant processes in eggs (described below). Inhibition of the IP₃R1 receptors by function-blocking specific antibodies resulted in lack of embryonic development. At the same time aberrant phopholipase Cᶉ expression or the lack of it in males confers sterility for obvious reasons. Artificial activation of eggs is a prerequisite for parthenogenetic activation of eggs in various animals as described below. Egg activation protocols is designed to mimic the [Ca²⁺] _i responses induced by sperm or to replicate the [Ca²⁺]_i-oscillations which results in inactivation of M-phase kinases leading to release of eggs from MII arrest. . Exposing eggs to ethanol and Ca²⁺-ionophores viz, A23187 and ionomycin causes a single and sustained [Ca²⁺] _I increase. It can be concluded fairly certainly that “a single [Ca²⁺] _i –rise” is insufficient to induce complete cyclin B degradation. Inhibitors of protein synthesis and kinases, like cycloheximide (CHX) and 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DAMP) are added to the medium for several hours after treatment with the ionophores. In direct comparison to Ca²⁺ionophores, a brief exposure to SrCl₂ or Acetylcholine or thimerosal generates repetitive Ca²⁺ that could last for several hours, resulting in Ca²⁺-ion signals much closer to the mode of activation by sperm. Moreover administration of agonists of IP₃Rs, such as IP₃ or adenophostin A also induces [Ca²⁺]_i- oscillations. Instead of chemical reagents, multiple [Ca²⁺]_i –rises is possible if evoked by applying electrical DC pulses in the presence of extracellular Ca²⁺. Injection of recombinant human PLCζ was tried out in the year 2012 and it induced [Ca²⁺] _i-oscillations in both mouse and human eggs. The production of pure recombinant form of PLCζ has been a goal in recent years and several methods have been employed to ensure the production of the same. Recombinant human PLCζ protein prepared in this way was able to generate Ca²⁺ in a physiological range in mouse and human eggs. Moreover such studies also demonstrated the deleterious effect of mutant PLCζ and the possibility of the same to be overcome by recombinant PLCζleading eggs to develop to blastocyst stage. However this work seems to be extremely encouraging, careful extrapolation may be necessary to arrive at after applying the same in the laboratory and progressing to clinical settings.

Keywords: Egg Activation Protocols, animals, Ca²⁺-oscillations, egg development.

Title: A Treatise on Current Advances in Egg Activation Protocols

Author: Kaniska Mukherjee, Rania Al-Hawas, Debasish Ghosh

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract:  The different stages in the development of the mangrove clam Anodontia edentula from fertilization up to metamorphosis was described in terms of timing, immediate morphology, and growth including the rearing conditions that lead to the successful completion of cultures. Anodontia edentula exhibited the typical bivalve life cycle starting with the trocophore larvae which further developed into the veliger and pediveliger stages before undergoing metamorphosis to form spats. It was established that the larval rearing of this species in the lab is difficult. Most trial cultures stayed for about 5-7 days reaching only the veliger stage. After employing relevant strategies, the cultures were stretched up to 22 days until metamorphosis. This study was able to update literature on the early life history of A. edentula. It explored effective management of bivalve larvae cultures for experimental purposes. This study also has direct implications in bivalve aquaculture and restoration Biology. To be able to artificially propagate this species both for food and for the conservation and rehabilitation of mangrove stands, knowledge of its developmental stages as well as the conditions for efficient survival is imperative.

Keywords: mangrove clam, Anodontia edentula, development, life cycle, aquasilviculture.

Title: Characterization of the Embryonic and Larval Development of the Mangrove Clam Anodontia Edentula (Family: Lucinidae)

Author: Bryan Yves G. Araneta

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The purpose of this current study was to determine the diversity, species richness, dominance and evenness of macroinvertebrates fauna found in Nzovwe stream. The study was carried out from 02 November to 28 December 2015. A total of 584 aquatic macroinvertebrate from 7 orders and 16 species were recoded. They belonged to 22 families. This study shows that Odonata (35.96%) was the most dominant order according to total number of individuals, followed by Hemiptera (25.514%), Coleoptera (19.007 %), Diptera (12.842%), Plecoptera (5.137%), Gastropoda (1.027%) and Ephemeroptera (1.027%). The most abundant species were Dragonflies (27.226%), Water striders (13.185%), and Creeping water bugs (10.274%), whereas the least abundant species were Giant water bugs and Backswimmers (0.514%). The Shannon-Wiener Index diversity and Evenness index (Pielou’s index) was higher in order Coleoptera (1.33) and Diptera (0.940) respectively. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Gastropoda (Shannon’s, H’ = 0.00) were the lowest. Simpson’s Reciprocal Index diversity was highest in order Coleoptera (3.400) while Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Gastropoda (1/D = 1.000) were the lowest. The species richness of macroinvertebrates was calculated by using Margalef’s Index. Moreover, it was found that the stream is poorly managed and threatened by pollution from domestic wastes.

Keywords: Macroinvertebrates, Species richness, diversity, abundance, Water quality, Water pollution, Ecosystem, Nzovwe stream.

Title: A Preliminary Study on Abundance and Diversity of Aquatic Macro Invertebrates of Nzovwe Stream, In Mbeya, Tanzania

Author: Fredrick Ojija, Regan Kavishe

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Amylase has been exploited in textile and detergent industries for desizing and stain removal due to having its hydrolytic features lead to breakdown of glycosidic linkages in starch into low molecular weight products such as glucose, maltose, maltotriose units, limit dextrins. Amylase immobilization is also lead to increase thermal and storage stability when it was bound onto bovine serum albumin (BSA) to prepare n enzyme bound nanoparticles. In present work, we were extracted amylase form Pearl millet seedlings and bound in BSA nanoparticles with four Almond Oil, Jasmine Oil, Mustard Oil, and Olive Oil as naturally occurring emulsifier. These fabricated nanoparticles were used as bio-active laundry additives with different detergents named, Ariel matic, Surf excel liquid, Active wheel and Tide plus to test their stain removal competency. Selected strains in this study were comprised of industrial/domestic routine strains, namely, Acryl paint, Oil paint, Grease, Ink, Rust strains. These industrial/common domestic stains are tough to vanish from clothes and often require lethargic pre-washing practices. Hence, from this study, fruitful comparative analysis was carried out from this study and all strains are very well wash off if when washed with chosen detergents with the prepared amylase bound nanoparticles solution as compared to when washing was done with chosen detergents only.  Among them, Ariel matic detergent with enzyme loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles was found to be have best washing results as bio-active system compared to other chosen detergent samples, followed by Surf excel liquid, Tide plus and the least effective was found to be Active wheel. Among the prepared enzyme bound BSA nanoparticles, Almond and Olive oil driven nanoparticles was showed excellent washing competency when mixed with Ariel matic while mustard oil nanoparticles with Ariel matic also showed comparable good washing effects. Furthermore, very good results were also found to be observed when stained cloth was washed with Almond and Olive Oil driven nanoparticles with Surf Excel liquid. While, fairly good results were shown by Jasmine oil driven and Mustard Oil driven nanoparticles followed by Almond and Olive Mustard Oil driven nanoparticles with Active wheel and tide plus. As well as, least washing efficiency was found to be for Jasmine oil driven BSA nanoparticles.

Keywords: Acryl paint; Oil paint; Grease; Ink; Rust strains; Almond oil; Olive oil; Jasmine Oil; mustard oil; BSA nanoparticles; Detergents.

Title: Cost-Effective Washing Study of Acryl paint, Oil paint, Grease, Ink, Rust Stained fabric with Bio-active Emulsified Pearl millet Amylase loaded BSA nanoparticles as Laundry additives

Author: Kirti Rani, Sunidhi Kant, Sherya Goyal, Chandrika Gupta

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Sixteen (16) Yankasa Rams weighing between 17.01kg to 17.84kg were used to evaluate the Performance of Yankasa rams fed Urea treated sorghum chaff as a basal diet supplemented with different levels of maize offal. 4% urea treated sorghum chaff was supplemented with maize offal at 0.00g, 100g, 150g, and 200g. The feeding trial was conducted for a period of 90 days. Treatment (T1) was the control, fed untreated sorghum chaff only (as basal diet), while animals on Treatments T2, T3 and T4, were supplemented with maize offal at 100g, 150g and 200g respectively. The results revealed a significant increase in DMI and ALW with T1, T2, T3 and T4 having 285.00g/h/day (DMI) and 33.56g/day (ALW), 292.50g/h/day (DMI) and 43.78g/day (ALW), 305.75g/h/day (DMI) and 53.89g/day (ALW), and 328.75g/h/day (DMI) and 62.89g/day (ALW) respectively. Highest feed intake was recorded in T4 (328.75g/h/day) while T1 had least (285.00g/d/h). There was no significant difference water intake of the rams among the treatments, with T4 recording highest value of 3.61 liters and lowest value in T1 2.57 liters. The percentage digestibility of the experimental diets was highest in T4 and T3 than T1 and T2 respectively. The nutrients digestibility increased among treatments with increasing levels of supplementations. Feeding 4% urea treated sorghum chaff and maize offal with inclusion level of 200g is recommended for feeding Yankasa rams during the dry season.

Keywords: Basal, live weight, Maize offal, Sorghum Chaff, Performance, Urea, Yankasa rams.

Title: Performance of Yankasa Rams Fed Urea Treated Sorghum Chaff as a Basal Diet Supplemented With Maize Offals in Semi - Arid Environment of Nigeria

Author: Abdullahi, S, Nyako, H.D., Malgwi, I.H., Yahya, M.M., Mohammed I.D.,Tijani, I., Aminu, I. M., Shehu, I.T

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: It has been estimated that over 80% of African population uses plant (herbs) regimen for treatment and control of disease due to it safety, availability, and effectiveness. In the present study, the phytochemical and antimicrobial property of Aspilia africana was investigated using standard methods. The result revealed that the plant contained appreciable amount of phytochemical which included Alkaloids (8.350±0.44), Tannins (0.618±0.06), Flavonoids (2.016±0.21), Saponin (3.218±0.55) and Phenol (0.201±0.02). The antimicrobial analysis showed that the plant had a broad spectrum effect on the test organism showing varying zones of inhibitions ranging from 9.3 to 18.4 and 7.1 to 10.4 for the ethanol and aqueous extract on bacterial isolates and 6.3 to12.3 and 7.2 to 7.8 respectively on the fungal isolate. The findings in the present study therefore suggest the use of the plant as an alternative antimicrobial agent due to its pharmacological properties.

Keywords: Phytochemicals, Antimicrobial, Aspilia africana, Minimum inhibitory concentration.

Title: Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Potency of Aspilia Africana

Author: Ekaiko Marshall U, Arinze Adibelem G, Iwe Chijioke U, Asiegbu Emmanuel I

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: All living organisms are inseparably interdependent with natural environment and interact with each other. UV-B radiation is a part of sun’s energy which due to depletion of ozone veil penetrates the earth’s surface in an elevated level and disrupts the vital metabolic processes of plants and induces genetic instability, which will ultimately be translocated to various trophic levels. Considering the above forementioned risk of UV-B on plants, the present experimental work has been designed to study the effect of UV-B exposure on root meristems of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). Experiment was carried out in four sets viz. A, B, C and D. A,B,C sets  were treated with UV-B radiations for 20min, 40min,and 60min, successively for 1 day, 2day and 3day. Set D remain unradiated being kept as control. After each irradiation, roots were cut off from seeds and fixed in Carnoy’s fixative (GAA: AA, 1:3) for 24 hours then transferred in 90% alcohol. With the help of squash technique cytological slides were prepared. Various types of chromosomal anomalies were reported however the more prevalent were unorientation, precocious chromosomes, stickiness, scattering, c-mitosis, non-synchronisation, laggards, bridges etc. It was observed that the chromotoxic effect of UV-B was exaggerated as exposure duration elevated as evident in 60 minute treated sets. Hence, it was concluded that the higher intensity of UV-B exposure duration is fatal and genotoxic for plant's genetic machinery and induces genome instability.

Keywords: UV-B, irradiation, chromosomal anomalies, genotoxic, Lens culinaris Medik.

Title: Clastogenic and Aneugenic Responses of Supplemental UV-B Radiation on Root Meristems of Lentil

Author: Asha Pandey, G. Kumar

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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