Vol 7 Issue 1 January 2019-March 2019

Abstract: In this study, the prevalence of Enterococci from 3 clinical samples (wound, urine and stool) of patients attending University of Uyo Teaching Hospital and Anua General Hospital and their virulence factors were investigated. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted and data obtained were analyzed statistically. Two hundred samples, including Urine, Wound and Stool were obtained and cultured by standard methods. Isolates obtained were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibilities and the presence of virulence factors. Isolates obtained were Enterococcus faecalis (56.7%), Enterococcus faecium (26.5%), Enterococcus durans(10.5%) and Enterococcus gallinarium(5.3%). The prevalence of Enterococci species in the clinical samples from the two hospitals was 9.5% of which more isolates were obtained from University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (11.4%) than Anua General Hospital (6.5%). The difference in the prevalence of Enterococci isolates among the subjects in the two hospitals was statistically significant (9.5%). The isolates showed high resistance to Erythromycin (89.5%), Gentamycin (84.2%) and Vancomycin (68.4%) while the susceptibility to Ampicillin and Aztreonam was seen with increasing frequency. The virulence factors detected among Enterococci species were haemolysin and biofilm formation. The production of biofilm in Enterococcus faecalis (63.6%) were comparatively higher than Enterococcus faecium (60.0%), also the production of hemolysin were comparatively higher in E. faecalis (81.7%) than E. faecium (60.0%). The presence of these pathogens in patients and elaboration of virulence factors indicates a possible outbreak of nosocomial infections by these pathogens in hospital settings; hence, there is need for regular monitoring of these pathogens in hospital laboratories to curb the emergence of these infections.

Keywords: Enterococci, Antimicrobial suceptibility, Virulence factors.

Title: ENTEROCOCCUS ISOLATES IN CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM IN-PATIENTS IN UYO, NIGERIA

Author: Victor Nelson Abasiubong, Grace Michael Ikon, Chijioke Patrick Amadi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The present study aims to find out the influences of isolated gut probiotics on growth performance of the fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (L.). The fish in the control tank were fed only with supplementary fish feed without probiotic bacteria and the fish in the experimental tank were fed supplementary fish feed along with the isolated gut probiotic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis. The experiment was carried out for 75 days and the weight and length was measured on 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th and 75th day of the experimental period. Significantly increased weight and length were recorded in the probiotic fed fish than the control fish.

Keywords: C.carpio, B.licheniformis, Growth, gut probiotics.

Title: THE INFLUENCES OF ISOLATED GUT PROBIOTIC BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CYPRINUS CARPIO (L).

Author: C. Kalaimani, S.Annapoorani, K.Parvathi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Indiscriminate use of different detergents causes water pollution. A detergent not only effect on the chemical speciation of water bodies or the metabolic rhythm of biota but also accelerates eutrophication and death of aquatic organisms. Fishes (H.fossilis) were collected, washed, acclimatized and then reared separately in separate aquarium to determine sub-lethal concentrations of detergent. LC₅₀ of mixture of two detergents (equal amount of Tide and Surf Excel) were calculated for a freshwater fish, H.fossilis and found to express as 9.5ppm, 15.2ppm and 21.7ppm. Dose dependent morphological, behavioral and hematological abnormalities were observed in H.fossilis treated with the mixture of detergents for 48, 72 and 96 hours. During the study, it was seen that the feeding rates of the fishes were decreased from 40.02mg/g/day to 32.5mg/g/day. Operculum movements were also decreased from 35 beats/minute to 13 beats/minute.   Exposure of fishes to different sub-lethal concentrations of detergent showed erratic body movement, pale body colour, abnormal behaviour, less conversion efficiency, no response to food, loss of swimming capacity, occasional jerking of the body followed by mortality. Hematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count and hemoglobin (Hb) content were decreased considerably (RBC reduced by -3.58, -6.64, -24.80%; WBC reduced by -3.18, -9.84, -12.64% and Hb reduced by -7.25, -16.12, -23.43%). The use of huge quantities and different kinds of detergent is causing foam in the water, reducing the air-water interaction and causing destruction of pond or beel or riverine ecosystem. Detergents may be entered in to the food chain of aquatic animals and absorbed through the gills or skin or through the alimentary canal along with food. So, the present study was undertaken to analyze the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of detergent on morphology, behaviour and haematology of H.fossilis.

Keywords: Detergents, Effects, Morphology, Behaviour, Haematology, H.fossilis.

Title: Toxicity determination of detergent-its effects on the morphology, behaviour and haematology of a freshwater fish, Heteropneustes fossilis

Author: Abdul Q. Osmani, Rijuana Ahmed, Hena Parbin, Bhagyashree Mahanta, Bodheswar Kalita

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Present study was focused on to appraise the peroxidase activity and phenolic content in two mosses Atrichum pallidum and Campylopus subfragilis under the different concentrations of  two heavy metals Copper and Cadmium for 10, 20 and 30 days. The preferred concentrations for the experiment were 100ppm to 400ppm of Copper and 5ppm to 20ppm of Cadmium. Both the mosses showed significant increase in peroxidase activity and phenolic content when treated with different concentrations of Cadmium and Copper. C. subfragilis showed better survival (increased peroxidase activity) with Cu and the maximum increase was 0.61±0.01Kat/sec/mg/protein in 300ppm till 30^th day as compared to A. pallidum in which maximum increase was 0.31±0.05Kat/sec/mg/protein in 300ppm till 20^th day. During the analysis of phenols Campylopus subfragilis under Cu stress the maximum increase in content was 28±0.07mg/g/fw in 400ppm on 20^th day whereas  A. pallidum showed maximum increase up to 9.23±0.005 mg/g/fw in 400ppm on 10^th day.

Under Cd stress, C. subfragilis showed maximum increase in peroxidase activity in 10ppm as 0.48±0.004 Kat/sec/mg/protein on 10^th day and in A. pallidum  as 0.215±0.03 Kat/sec/mg/protein in 5ppm on 10^th day, whereas the maximum increase in phenolic content in C. subfragilis in 10ppm was 34±0.03 mg/g/fw on 30^th day and in A. pallidum   was7.8±0.004 mg/g/fw in 5ppm  on 20^th day. After the maximum increase in activity as well as content both the taxa showed gradual decline. During AAS analysis the net content of absorbed concentration of Cu in C. subfragilis was 142.1ppm and in A. pallidum was 219.6ppm, and of Cd was 0.80ppm in C. subfragilis and 0.87ppm in A. pallidum. The regeneration was much better in C. subfragilis as compared to A. pallidum. All these observations led to conclusion that C. subfragilis survived better in both the metals (Cu or Cd) as it has absorbed less content of Cu or Cd as compared to A. pallidum. Hence A. pallidum can be used as a good bio-monitor (due to more content absorbed of Cu or Cd) as well as bio-indicator ( due to its sensitive response to metal stress) of heavy metal pollution.

Keywords: Mosses Campylopus subfragilis, Atrichum pallidum, Phytotoxic metals, Copper, Cadium, enzyme peroxidase, secondary metabolite phenols, Impact, AAS.

Title: Studies in Atrichum pallidum and Campylopus subfragilis subjected to Cu and Cd toxicity for evaluation of their role in pollution monitoring

Author: Vibha, Sunita Kapila

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Plant and their derived products have been used as a medicine for several centuries. In ancient Indian medicine system, Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and many other plants also used as medicine. In this study the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of ginger root was tested against six standard bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica ser. Typhi and Escherichia coli by agar well method.  In agar well method ethanol ginger extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and minimum zone inhibition observed in K. pneumoniae. From these results we can conclude that ethanolic extract of ginger showed potential antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria, it can be used as a conventional medicine against these bacteria after proper validation.

Keywords: Ginger (Zingiber officinale), ethanol extract, Zone of inhibition (ZOI), and agar well method.

Title: Antimicrobial activity of ginger root extracts against human pathogenic bacteria

Author: Dr. Swamy CT, Vinay Kumar PG, Dr. Varunakumara JB

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungal status of eight tree species from Pachaimalai Hill, Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu was surveyed. AM fungal colonization was observed in the roots of all the tree species examined. The AM fungal colonization was characterized by the presence of any of the fungal structures such as coenocytic hyphae, hyphal coils, vesicles and arbuscules. The extent of AM colonization varied among the tree species. The average percentage of AM fungal colonization ranged from 26 (Strychnos nux-vomica) to 86 (Millingtonia hortensis). Roots of all tree species formed hyphae, however the formation of vesicles, arbuscules and hyphal coil varied among the tree species. A total of 37 morphotypes of AM fungi corresponding to 13 genera and 8 families were recorded. Of the 37 morphotyes, 10 belonged to the genus Acaulospora, 6 to the genus Glomus, 4 each to the genera Rhizoglomus, Gigaspora, 3 to Funneliformis, 2 each to genera Septoglomus, Paraglomus, and one each to Entrophosphora, Dominikia, Claroideoglomus, Scutellospora and Archaeospora. Species richness was highest in Tarenna asiatica(23 species) and lowest in Strychnos nus-vomica (13 species).

Keywords: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi), spore density, tree species, Pachaimalai hills.

Title: SURVEY OF MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATION IN SOME TREES OF PACHAMALAI HILLS, THE EASTERN GHATS OF TAMIL NADU

Author: Vinothponpandian S, Egbert Selwin Rose A

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to bring about the awareness of ‘Biomimicry’, a concept of adopting nature’s principles and its application in the fields of architecture, engineering, and science to help create a more sustainable built environment for future generations. The study aims at using ‘Biomimicry’ as an approach for architects to integrate in their designs and understand the importance and need for doing so. This paper consists of a collective effort of various references from research papers that scholars have studied to highlight the current need for creating a sustainable built environment using the concept of ‘Biomimicry’.

Design methodology – Through a comparative literature review, and an examination of existing sustainable practices, this paper elaborates on distinct approaches to biomimetic designs that have evolved and can be put to practice.

Findings – The paper has highlighted the various approaches of biomimicry that can be used in designs. Creating built structures through the inspiration of nature’s principles can help eliminate several issues that are currently faced by humans and solve them through integration of ‘Biomimicry’ in design. Individuals’ mind sets are shifting from a conventional thought process of building structures to a more eco-centric system which helps us utilize the available resources at its highest potential. Although it’s a new concept introduced to individuals in the industry, it is quite likely to have a tremendous impact on the environment in the future, as a new way of bringing forward a sustainable solution that harmonizes with nature.

Keywords: Sustainable architecture, Green buildings, Biomimicry.

Title: BIOMIMICRY: AN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

Author: Leena N. Fukey, Sneha Pradeep

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The present study is based on rare and endangered plant species growing in and around region of Junagadh in Gujarat. Due to several biotic, abiotic and enthropogenic activities, the plant taken for the present work has been categorized under the rare and endangered species in many of the literatures. The girnar hill is considered to be highly rich in terms of biodiversity of plants, animals as well as microorganisms. The aim of the current study was to find out the phytochemicals constituents present in the some selected rare and endangered species growing in the region. The study was carried for five endangered and rare plants viz. Adansonia digitata, Adenanthera pavonina, Spondias pinnata, Madhuca indica, and Commiphora wightii growing in and around Girnar hill of Junagadh. The qualitative analysis of phytochemical components parameters were carried out from leaves and stem samples collected during December 2018.Presence and absence of steroids, tannin, alkaloids, protein, flavanoids, carbohydrates in leaves and stem of these five plants were recorded, as these phytochemical components are considered to be natural bioactive compounds found in plants which act as a defense system against diseases. The work gives us the novel idea about the future perspective on research on these endangered species. Furthermore analysis of soil samples collected from rhizosphere of these plants for analyzing the quality of soil as soil is most important factor for plant growth.

Keywords: phytochemical, endangered plants, diversity, quality of soil.

Title: Phytochemical analysis and habitat analysis of some rare and endangered plant species growing in Girnar region

Author: Ridhdhi K.Karangiya, Parth J. Depani, Suhas J. Vyas

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The present study reports the phytochemical investigation as well as nutraceutical aspect of leaves of Youngia japonica from Chandigarh. Youngia japonica, commonly known as Oriental false hawksbeard, is a weed species of flowering plant belonging to family Asteraceae. In vitro antioxidant analysis of plant extract through three different methods viz. DPPH, H₂O₂ and Phosphomolybdenum assay shows significant results as compared to the ascorbic acid which is taken as positive control. Results indicate that plant has good potential of phenolic (82.60±0.0071 at 250µg/ml conc) and flavonoid (41.64±0.0612 at 250µg/ml conc) compounds as well it can be regarded as natural source of antioxidants. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the methanol extract showed a total of 10 components out of which 9,12,15Octadecatrienoic acid,2,3bis[(trimethylsilyl) oxy]propyl ester, (Z,Z,Z) (RT=58.34%), psi.,.psi. Carotene, 3, 4 didehydro1,1', 2,2'tetrahydro1' hydroxyl1methoxy (RT=23.20%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (RT=3.64%) were the major constituents identified in the methanol extracts, respectively. Methanol extract showed the presence of several bioactive components and offers reference data for additional research of its active components.

Keywords: Phytochemical, antioxidant, bioactive, GC-MS, methanol.

Title: Evaluation of antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds present in leaf extract of Youngia japonica (L.)DC. from Chandigarh

Author: Harsimran Kaur, Richa Puri, M.L. Sharma, Sana Khan, Rinku Jhamta

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Soil is home of many micro-organisms including fungi. The type of fungal flora present in the soil depends on composition of soil. Human interference, industrialization, cultivation etc. has adverse effect on soil environment and thus influences soil microflora. The present paper deals with isolation and identification of soil fungi in Siltara industrial area phase – II, Raipur Chhattisgarh in winter season. The fungal population were isolated and identified as - Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Phialophora cinerescens, Penicillium expansum, Acrophialophora fusispora, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Penicillium sclerotiorum, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, and Aspergillus versicolor. The highest percentage frequency of Aspergillus terreus (100%) and highest percentage contribution (27.54%) of   Aspergillus terreus was observed.

Keywords: Soil fungi, Siltara, Industrial area, winter season.

Title: ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOIL FUNGI IN SILTARA INDUSTRIAL AREA PHASE –II, RAIPUR CHHATTISGARH IN WINTER SEASON

Author: Vaishali Mohril, B.M Lall

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The present study was undertaken to assess the phytochemical constituents present in the leaf, stem and root extract of Barleria acuminata Ness (Acanthaceae), Leaf, stem and root extracts were prepared from Aqueous and organic solvents like Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Ethanol. The preliminary phytochemical screening of all the extracts was done. The leaf stem and root of the plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, tannin, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. The constituents reported from the present study gives further idea for detailed studies on clinical and therapeutic aspects.

Keywords: Barleria acuminata Ness, Leaf, stem and root extract, Phytochemical screening.

Title: QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Barleria acuminata Ness.

Author: V. Karthikeyan, A. Baskaran, C. Sebastian Rajasekaran

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Water scarcity is one of the biggest problems faced now a days. So we’ve done a project to remove it. We can convert seawater to freshwater in low cost and high efficiency. The below given method converts seawater to freshwater without electricity and remove the salt. Already there are  many methods  to do this but it’s not available to all people that is why scarcity comes. Even the third world war could happen due to water scarcity. To prevent all this only way is to convert the sea water using chemical methods This method has three stages. At first chlorine stage, then sodium stage, then other impurities will be removed finally the water will be salt free. By implementing this method 100% water scarcity could be abolished.

Keywords: scarcity of water, sea water, chlorine, sodium. 

Title: Artificial Hydro Production for Removing the Scarcity of Water in field of Agriculture

Author: Dr.Hema R. Chandran Abishek Mahesh, Jr.scientist Hareesh Rajendran, Mr.Bharadhan Raghu

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: In Bihar Neem (Azadirachta indica) has been used to control disease and pests of plants and animals. Many anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agents has been detected from various parts of Neem. Investigations were carried out to study the toxicity of some neem (Natural products) like neem oil, Nimbecidine, Neemark and Nimbitor against Aceria litchii (Litchi mite). Non-insecticidal treatment has been tested for distruction and controlling of Litchi tree as well as Litchi fruit infestation. Non-insecticidal pest control measures appear to be in a positive way to check the menace of modern pesticides. Non-insecticidal treatment is eco-friendly and healthy for the yield production of Litchi fruits in Bihar.

Keywords: Toxicity, Nimbecidine, Nimbitor, Eco-friendly, Aceria litchii.

Title: Studies of Toxicity of Antifeedancy of Neem against Aceria litchii (Litchi mite) in Bihar (INDIA)

Author: Dr.Ajeet Kumar, Dr.Bibhuti Dutta Singh

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Fruit cracking is one of the major limiting factors in the cultivation of lychee, especially early cultivators (Singh, 1986). The early varieties are more prone to the problem of fruit cracking in comparison to late cultivars. The low atmospheric humidity, high temperature and hot winds during fruit development and maturity stage favour fruit cracking. Light irrigation to maintain soil moisture and to improve humidity has been found to minimize this problem through maintenance of a better micro-climate. Mulching with farm residues and 3 irrigations significantly reduced the cracking (Singh, 1986) in a trial conducted on the cultivar Shahi. In addition, spraying with either 100 PPM NAA or 0.2 percent borax during the developing stage of the fruits has been found to be highly effective in checking the cracking.

Keywords: Litchi, Cultivars, Fruit Quality, Cracking, Effect.

Title: Effect of Temperature & Humidity on Litchi Fruit and Its Physico-chemical Relation with Fruit Skin Cracking

Author: Dr. Ajeet Kumar, Dr. Om Prakash Sing, Dr.Bibhuti Dutta Singh

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Chilo partellus is an important stem borer pest in East Africa. To manage it’s infestation, the parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron was introduced in Kenya and post release surveys showed that parasitism was steadily rising. However, due to lack of quantitative data on the parasitoid’s impact, there are doubts on whether this parasitoid is an important mortality factor in stem borer management. This experiment was thus undertaken at the Kenyan coast to estimate the impact of C. flavipes on stem borers and maize yield. Using insecticide exclusion method, maize subplots were subjected to three treatments: treatment A (sprayed with Bulldock), treatment B (sprayed with Dimethoate) and treatment C (controls). Percentage infestation and parasitism were estimated at three maize growth stages. At the end of the experiment, maize was harvested, dried and weighed. Chilo spp dominated the stem borer community followed by S. calamistis. Stem borer infestation levels varied among treatments (F_2,87=6.92; p<0.05) and low infestation was recorded in treatment A compared to B and C. Infestation levels also varied with maize growth stages (F_2,87=11.07; p<0.001 ). The main parasitoid species recovered were Cotesia flavipes and Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron). Parasitism in treatments A, B and C were 16.2±7.4, 20.9±4.9 and 20.7±6.9% respectively with no significant difference among treatments ( =3.56; p>0.05). Parasitism varied significantly among maize growth stages ( =21.6; p<0.05). Maize yield did not vary among treatments A (20.8±2.1), B (24.1±2.0) and C (20.5±1.6) (F_2,27 =1.148; p>0.05) showing that the rise in parasitoid action has not translated into significant maize yield increase.

Keywords: Moist lowland tropics, Chilo partellus, Cotesia flavipes, impact, parasitism, insecticide exclusion method, maize yield.

Title: IMPACT OF PARASITOIDS ON LEPIDOPTERAN STEM BORER INFESTATION LEVELS AND MAIZE YIELD AT THE KENYAN COAST

Author: Esther Adhiambo Abonyo, George Otieno Ongámo, Catherine Wanjiru Lukhoba, Gideon Nzioka Nyamasyo, Gerphas Ogola Okuku, Midingoyi Soul-Kifouly, Hippolyte Affognon, Bruno P. Le Ru

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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