Vol 7 Issue 1 January 2019-March 2019

Abstract: Traditional Indians uses tender as well as matured fruit rind of Mangifera indica for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery and other intestinal troubles. Microbial infections are mainly responsible for gastrointestinal disorders. Hence in this study antibacterial activity is performed with the extracts of Mangifera indica against diarrhoeal causative agents.  The aim of the present study is to assess the antibacterial activity of tender and mature fruit rind of Mangifera indica. The following techniques were used to assess antibacterial effect which includes disc diffusion assay, MIC, MBC, % inhibition and IC50 were used to assess antibacterial efficiency of Mangifera indica seed kernel aqueous and phenolic extracts (MIMSKAE, MIMSKPE, MITSKAE AND MITSKPE). All the extracts showed good antibacterial activity against all the clinical pathogens tested with better percentage of inhibition and IC50.

Keywords: Bacterial pathogens, MIC, MBC, Antibacterial activity, IC50, Percentage inhibition, Mangifera indica, Seedkernel.

Title: BACTERICIDAL EFFECT OF TENDER AND MATURED SEED KERNEL OF MANGIFERA INDICA – A COMPARITIVE STUDY

Author: Bharathi A, K. Prabhu, S. Rajan

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. A number of strategies for the cure of breast cancer have been described such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation; still, therapeutic effectiveness is characteristically temporary and commonly lacking with progressive period. As a result, the requisite for rational methods to breast cancer therapy is required. Palmitic acid (PA) is the most common saturated free fatty acid and plays an important role in cancer.  However, the mechanism underlying the effect of PA on breast cancer is still to be elucidated.

Experimental:  In our study we have hypothesized that PA would have anticancer activity on MCF-7 Breast cancer cell line.

Results: Pamitic acid reduced cell viability in MCF-7 Breast cancer cells, apoptotic nuclear morphology of cells was observed by DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining after 48 and 72 hrs treatment, comet assay showed the increase tail length and DNA fragmentation. Treatment with PA enhanced the expression of apoptosis-related proteins including caspase-3, 9, Bax and p53 whereas the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was decreased.

Conclusion: Pamitic acid sensitizes breast cancer cells, induced apoptosis and may be considered for upcoming studies as a promising therapeutic compound for human breast cancer.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Palmitic acid, apoptosis, inflammation, therapeutic action.

Title: In vitro Assessment of cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of Palmitic acid for Breast cancer Treatment

Author: Md. Zafaryab, Khalid Umar Fakhri, Md. Asad Khan, Krishnan Hajela, M. Moshahid A. Rizvi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The ethanolic extracts of Crateva magna leaves and barks were screened for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in experimental animals. The extracts showed significant inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema at two different doses used in the study. The activity of the extracts was comparable to that of Indomethacin, the standard anti-inflammatory drug. The extracts also showed significant analgesic activity in rats against tail immersion and hot plate methods. The present study suggests that the ethanolic extract of Crateva magna possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. This result may prove the fact that the plant may be used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory along with its adaptogenic properties.

Keywords: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Wistar rats, Traditional medicine.

Title: Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic activities Ethanol Extracts of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Capparaceae)

Author: G.Vijaya, A.Doss, B.Parthipan, V.R.Mohan

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine the risk of incursion of Aphanomyces invadans in Lake Victoria as a result of importation of live fish from the countries in the Zambezi River Basin. The study utilized the quantitative and qualitative risk analysis procedure prescribed under international standards of the World Organization for Animal Health. Data and information was extracted from published literature through systematic review.  A protocol for systematic review was developed and used to discipline the identification of relevant literature, methods of review and involvement of stakeholders. A narrative synthesis was done for qualitative data while quantitative data was synthesized by stochastic modelling using @Risk software. 

The study found that risk of entry would be 8.6% when risk management measures that are recommended under international standards are applied and would only be 0 if a perfect test is used in the selection of traded fish stock. Exposure assessment indicated that, given entry and release of A. invadans, the agent would likely be disseminated to susceptible fish species in Lake Victoria. There would both direct and indirect consequences of exposure to A. invadans which will be non-negligible. Risk estimation was also non-negligible.

The study demonstrated that risk avoidance and risk reduction are management options available to the aquatic animal health authorities in East African Community Partner States.  It concluded that the findings of the study are useful in influencing policy and regulatory decisions of EAC Partner States and in capacity building of aquatic animal health authorities towards targeted surveillance for Aphanomyces invadans in Lake Victoria.

Keywords: import risk analysis Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome Lake Victoria.

Title: Risk of Incursion of Aphanomyces invadans into Lake Victoria from Zambezi River Basin

Author: Daniel Karugu, Winfred Kyalo

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Adsorption studies were conducted in the  mangrove soils collected from South Western coast of India to evaluate  the potential of these soils to regulate Pb dynamics. Surface soils were collected (0-30cm) for the batch experiments. Results show that pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), texture and organic carbon (OC) effect the sorption maxima of Pb in mangrove soils. The adsorption of Pb in the mangrove soils was best explained by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis show that the Pb adsorption in these mangrove soils are non spontaneous and endothermic.

Keywords: Mangroves, Soil, Lead, Batch experiment, Thermodynamics.

Title: Adsorption behaviour of Lead in mangrove soils and their relationship with soil characteristics

Author: R Renuka, S Sandeep, M P Sujatha

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The discussions, debates and research on Pro-cancer and anti-cancer nature of MSCs have not yielded any clear conclusion yet. MSCs in this regards are specific, based on various  factors like source of derivation, the specific cancer cells under study, in vitro or in vivo conditions provided in the study, to name a few. TRAIL (Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand) reportedly induces apoptosis in cancer cells; however, CXCL12/CXCR4 axis overrides most of the apoptotic signals and leaves TRAIL ineffective. These studies were performed on MSCs derived from the bone marrow and cord tissue. Perinatal tissue derived MSCs and MSCs induced by different factors have not been researched for this behavior.

Objective: To study anti-cancer nature of MSCs derived from sources such as perinatal tissues (Cord tissue, placenta and amniotic sac) and adipose tissues on two chosen tumor cell lines namely small cell lung carcinoma (A549) and prostate carcinoma (PC-3) cells. The use of modified MSCs, by inducing MSCs with TNF-α and LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) was the next objective. In this study, we focused on regulatory pattern of TRAIL and CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway genes, the various expression patterns of tumor suppressor genes, Tumor Activating Fibroblasts and the Wnt pathway genes.

Results: MSCs induced with TNF-α demonstrated better anti-cancer characteristics on A549 lung Carcinoma cells. There was practically no effect on PC-3 cells by any of the MSC types as evaluated through apoptosis and cell cycle assays. The results were backed by observations on the regulatory patterns of various genes.

Conclusion: TNF-α induced MSCs impose anti-cancer properties on A549 cells through a specific TRAIL mediated apoptotic activity. The detailed mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. PC-3 cells did not respond to anti-cancer cues using any of the MSC types. The Anti-cancer potential of MSCs is not likely to be uniform across cancers, and largely depend on the origin of MSCs and various other factors.

Keywords: anti-cancer nature, Anti-cancer potential, Carcinoma cells, Tumor Activating Fibroblasts.

Title: Anti-tumor Potentials of various Mesenchymal Stem Cell types using two known Cancer Cell Lines

Author: Sushilkumar Ramdasi, Chandra Viswanathan, Rohit Kulkarni, Abhijit Bopardikar

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus allium. Garlic is a herb that is grown around the world it is related to onion leekes and chives. It is thought that garlic is native to Siberia but spread to other parts of world over 5000 years ago. Garliiic is used for many conditions related to heart ad circulatory system. Conditions includes high BP, low BP, high cholesterol, coronary heart diseases. Garlic is said to be having antineoplastic activity used to treat various cancer conditions it is also having anti inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity etc. But the studies available on antimicrobial activity are limited as of now so the present investigation is to determine antibacterial and antifungl activity of allicin(sulphur containing organic compound present in garlic and important chemical constituent having antimicrobial properties) against staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans by using agar  well diffusion method and allicin shows  clearly antimicrobial activity aganist staphylococcus aureus, kebsiella, pneumonia, Escherichia coli,candida albicans.

Keywords: Garlic, Allicin, Antimicrobial activity, Extraction, Staphylococcos aureus, E.coli.

Title: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF GARLIC EXTRACT STUDIED ON Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans

Author: Sai Supriya,G. , Yesodhalakshmi ,P., Keerthi,B., Uma maheswari,K., Prasada Rao,M.

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Dried fruits contain protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Antioxidants work to prevent cancer, stroke, heart disease, cataracts, and other diseases associated with ageing. Dried fruits can be contaminated with several kinds of fungi that produce mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin and zearalenone.

Objectives: The study aimed to determine the species of toxicogenic fungi most common on dried fruits and in living premises and to evaluate their abilities to produce secondary metabolites dangerous for human health, to evaluate mycobiota capabilities to produce mycotoxins in their cultural media, to set up a DNA-based method for detecting aflatoxigenic fungi Aspergillus species isolated from dried fruits using species-specific primers to increase the awareness of mycotoxins in foods by developing fast and rapid mycotoxin diagnosis kits that are easy and economical to use and enhance the awareness of mycotoxins.

Methods: 15 types of dried fruits were collected from many markets in different areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which produced in different countries. All two groups were distributed, first group were surface disinfected by dipping with sodium chloride for 3 minute and washed several times with sterilized water, after that we put sterilized fruits on Petri- dish containing Potato dextrose agar (PDA). Second group of dried fruits were put on PDA without surface sterilization. The PDA and Cazpek's-Dox agar media were used for the pathogen inoculation. For identification of fungi and their mycotoxins was used different types of methods such as single spore isolation technique, UV light screening test for mycotoxins production, ELISA, HPLC as well as PCR.

Results: Raisins (grape) gave the highest total number of fungi isolates while the lowest number of fungi isolates was given by fig and the mango and the highest number of fungi isolates was produced from the non-sterilized dry fruits, while raisins yielded the highest number of fungi, the dried Mango yielded the lowest number. Also results found that Aspergillus niger showed the highest isolation frequency (50.8%) and Aspergillus flavus isolation frequency was (19.5%).

Determination of the mycotoxins produced from 26 isolates of Aspergillus species which isolated from different dried fruits by ELISA, found that while Aspergillus flavus from coconut yield all the 6 toxins, the isolate of Aspergillus niger which isolated from date did not produce any kind of toxins.

The PCR was used for the detection of mycotoxigenic species. The test was performed with an optimized protocol for dried fruits which includes a set of species- specific PCR assays. Specific PCR assays were developed to detect A. flavus or A. niger. A specific detection of A. flavus and A. niger using DNA obtained.

Conclusion: High level of genetic variability among non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates that require greater attention in order to design a molecular experiment to distinguish true aflatoxigenic from non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains.

Keywords: Fungi, Dried Fruits, mycotoxins, ELISA, HPLC, PCR.

Title: Identification of Toxigenic Fungi Recovered from Dried Fruits

Author: Hanan Alomari, Ali H. Bahkali

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The present experiment was conducted at Post Harvest Lab, Dept. of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University to prepare wine by processing of jackfruit and to evaluate the nutritional qualities. Matured well ripened jackfruit bulbs of MuttomVarikka variety were selected for the study. The study was conducted with five replications and four formulations in Completely Randomized Design varying only in sugar concentrations (T_1: 50%, T₂: 45%, T₃: 40%, T₄: 35%). Ten untrained panelists performed sensory evaluation test of the processed wine using 9 point hedonic scale. Among the treatments, T₄ with 35% of sugar significantly recorded higher alcohol percentage (15.72%) over rest of the treatments followed by T₃ with 40% sugar (15.36%). The treatment, T₁ with 50% of sugar recorded significantly lower alcohol percentage (14.53%). The highest ascorbic acid content was recorded in T₁ with 50% sugar (1.78 mg/100g) followed by T₂ with 45% of sugar (1.63 mg/100g) and lowest ascorbic acid content was recorded in T₄ with 35% of sugar(1.58 mg/100g). After six months of storage, quality of the wine regarding colour, taste, flavor and overall acceptability were increased to that of freshly processed wine. The benefit cost ratio of was calculated for the production of 1 kg of wine.Based on the results, formulation T₃ secured the overall acceptability for sensory and nutritional evaluation.

Keywords: Jackfruit, Wine, Quality analysis.

Title: QUALITY ANALYSIS OF JACKFRUIT WINE

Author: T. UMA MAHESWARI, VIDHU VALSAN

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Non-involvement of communities along the Eastern Mau in forest conservation has been implicated for the severe degradation of Eastern Mau. Although the Mau Forest task force has recommended synergy between traditional and scientific knowledge in forest management, conservation of threatened species, participatory forest management livelihood support for the local communities e.g. the Ogieks, extensional, technological support and a floral calendar still lacks. A floral calendar is a timetable that indicates the approximate date and duration of blossoming period of the important honey and pollen plants in the area. The extensive knowledge of type, density and quality of bee flora in a region are prerequisites for successful beekeeping. Beekeeper Ogieks in Eastern Mau lack the floral calendars documenting the bee flora and their flowering phonologies for maximum sustainable use of melliferous species. This study has constructed floral calendars which will form a basis for future studies on any possible effects of climate change and the intentional use of beekeeping as a basis for conservation of local flora. The Mariashoni, Nessuit and Kamkembu areas inhabited by Ogieks were randomly sampled as the strata; belt transects were established as per standard procedures. Bee plants were determined through observation of their foraging activities while the flowering period for the bee plants were delimited and recorded every month as per established methods. Plants were identified based on herbarium sheets and flora of tropical East Africa keys.  Most bee plants foraged for one season >2months or two seasons with very few flowering for 1 season less than 2 months. Climbers formed the largest proportion (37.50%) of bee plants foraged for one season less than 2 months. There was observed a steady trend of reduction of availability of bee plants towards the dry periods of November and December that coincided with drought.Eastern Mau can support bee keeping year round as bee forage is available throughout the year, with bee plants flowering for at least a month to whole year. The peak availability of forage is in April and May (nectar flow period, 59.30%) while the Dearth period with limited bee forage is in December (10 bee plants flowering, 11.63%): Pupalia lappacea, Aloe secundiflora, Leucaena leucocephala, Malvaviscus arboreus, Acacia brevispica, Vernonia auculifera, Acacia tortilis, Combretum molle, Eucalyptus resinifera, Olea europea. The seven Acacia spp provide successive bloom mosaic year round.

Keywords: Eastern Mau, Floral calendar, bee plants, dearth, honey flow.

Title: Seasonal Availability and Floral Calendar of Apis mellifera Nectar and Pollen forage in Eastern Mau

Author: Philip Onyango, Regina Nyunja, Stephen Fedha Sikolia, George Opande

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Different types of diseases and infections have jeopardized the life of human beings over a centenary. However, one disease that is considered pernicious and has highest standard of recurrence is cancer. Cancer, a major pandemic disease in the world, though considerably lower in India is frequently reported to grow in an alarming rate. The type and advancement in cancer decides the type of treatment amongst which includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, stem cell transplant and precision medicine. Apart from the above conventional methods of therapy, the traditional medicines practiced for thousands of years till date are also used in therapy. Mushrooms are powerful sources of nutritional attributes which appear to reduce risk of obesity, diabetes, heart diseases and overall mortality. Some treasured and edible mushrooms like button, oyster, shiitake, etc. with effective antineoplastic effect and their active compounds of immense clinical interest are studied. The Chinese doctor Wu Ri (also, known as Wu Shui), who lived at the era of the “Ming Dynasty” (1368–1644 CE) discovered that Shiitake mushroom had an antitumor effect. Mushrooms (Shiitake, Maiitake, Reishi, Pleurotus, etc.) and mushroom-derived substances (lentinans, polysaccharides, AHCC, etc.) are effective anticancer drugs. Some mushroom-derived polysaccharides possess direct cytotoxic effect on tumor growth while the others trigger strong immune responses. The extracts from these edible varieties of mushrooms appeared to have reduced the side effects of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Keywords: Mushrooms; antineoplastic effect; extracts; polysaccharides; cytotoxic activity; apoptosis.

Title: Recreational Mushroom Therapy for Cancer Treatment – A Boon

Author: R. Saroja Preethy

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The Pot culture studies were undertaken to investigate the macro nutrients in rice as influenced by application of Zinc sulphate and foliar application of salicylic acid and Potassium silicate and Brown spot pathogen Bipolaris oryzae inoculation. The results revealed that Soil application of Zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ ha along with foliar application of plant activator Salicylic acid @ 50 ppm on 15 days after transplanting and Foliar spray of silicon based nutrient potassium silicate @ 3 % recorded the minimum disease incidence and maximum biometrics of rice. Also, The results revealed that the treatments treated with the Application of ZS, SA and PS significantly influenced the micro nutrient contents such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and Si in leaf, stem and grain. Generally application of ZS, SA and PS increased the Si, Zn and Cu content in leaf stem and grain. Whereas Fe and Mn content are reduced due to application of ZS, SA and PS in rice leaf stem and grain.

Keywords: Zinc sulphate, salicylic acid, Potassium silicate.

Title: Effect of Zinc Sulphate, Salicylic acid and Potassium silicate application on micro nutrient content of brown spot infected rice var. ADT 36

Author: Jaiganesh V., Kannan, C., Vengadesh Kumar, L.

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The production of energy without pollution (non-pollutant) is an essential idea to make sure the survival of human mankind. The alternative energy production through microbial conversion of biomass (sewage waste water) is studied in this work to generate electrical energy. The methods that are currently used are at the cost of building and running cells where microbial conversion is taking place. Various developments can be achieved which includes the cell’s physical design, the catalyst involved in the cathode chamber, the membrane material and the perfect low cost substrate. Population explosion in the world has lead us to diminishing our energy resources. An approximate estimation is that 13 TW of power is consumed every year around the world where 20 % comes from renewable sources. A new technique where bacteria ferments organic substrates to generate electric energy gives us an efficient alternative energy production. This idea is called as Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). A microbial fuel cell involves the bacteria being attached to the anode for oxidizing organic material which tends to release CO2 and protons into the anode chamber solution. Here, the electrons move from anode to cathode through electric circuit where electrons involved in reducing oxygen. During this the protons penetrate through a membrane and get to the cathode chamber. Due to the mobility of the electrons, electric current is produced. The main objective of this project is to produce electric current using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) from the waste water.

Keywords: Bacteria, organic matter, waste water, Microbial fuel cell, electricity.

Title: GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY DURING WASTE WATER TREATMENT USING MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS

Author: B. Panneerselvam, M. Jagadeesan, S. Santhosh, P.R. Anuradha, Dr. R. Dhandapani

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Among bacteria, actinomycetes are well documented for production of a large number of antibodies belonging to a wide array of groups. Actinobacteria have been extensively reported to inhabit a variety of places including soil, fresh water and marine. As exploration of potential bacteria is an important approach to discovering novel antibiotics to meet the current needs, the present study was undertaken to estimate the enzymatic and antimicrobial properties of a few actinomycetes species obtained from Mayanur Dam in Tamil Nadu, India. All the species observed the presence of all enzymatic activities except Actinomyces and Micromonospora which did not show chitinases activity. All the actinomycetes species showed antimicrobial properties. Among these, Streptomyces recorded the maximum zone of inhibition to all bacteria except Staphylococcus epidermidis. 

Keywords: Actinomycetes, fresh water, enzyme activities, antimicrobial property.

Title: ENZYMATIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ACTINOMYCETES SPECIES OBTAINED FROM FRESH WATER, MAYANUR DAM, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Author: R. Anbalagan, R. Sivakami

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Use of marine microalgae as fertilizer in crop production has a long tradition in coastal areas all over the world. Marine algae are classified into three types, namely green (Chlorophyceae), brown (Phaeophyceae) and red (Rhodophyceae) algae based on their pigments like Chlorophyll, Carotenoids and Phycobiliproteins. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) of two seaweeds. SLFs obtained from the brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica and green seaweed Ulva lactuca were tested on the important pulse plant, black gram (Vigna mungo). The seven day old seedlings were used for the estimation of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid. The dry weight is more than that in the control at all the concentrations, i.e., 0.25% to 2.0% of Padina SLF, with the highest record in 0.75 % concentration.  While enhanced dry weight of these seedlings over the control was recorded at 0.75 and 1.5% concentrations of Ulva SLF. Present investigation indicates that Padina SLF yielded better results than Ulva SLF.

Keywords:  Seaweed, fertilizers, effect, study, liquid.

Title: Efficacy of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer on Vigna mungo L. Seedlings

Author: Dr. T. PON RATHY, Dr. N. AHILA

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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