Vol 4 Issue 2 April 2016-June 2016

Abstract: Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied and a total of 252 different clinical specimens were investigated with a yield of 110 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. High resistance was recorded against Aminoglycoside antibiotics i.e. Gentamicin (77.27%) and Tobramycin (74.55%). Against Meropenem the resistance was 39.09% and Piperacillin/Tazobactam and Cefepime it was 31.82% and 25.45% respectively. Against Colistin almost all the isolates of P. aeruginosa were sensitive while only 3 (2.73%) isolates showed resistance. Keywords: Resistance, Antibiotic, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, clinical samples. Title: Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated From Clinical Samples Author: Sujeet Kumar. M. Belani, B. J. Wadher International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Daily consumption of bread as staple food is enormous. However, the spoilage of the bread is a common problem and mainly caused by microbial. This study investigates the effects of gamma irradiation on microbial of white sandwich bread. Three different brands were irradiated using gamma radiation doses of 0.0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 kGy. Results show that 0.2 to 0.5 kGy gamma radiation exposure to the bread has the potential of eliminating or at least minimizing the ecology of spoilage-causing microorganisms in the bread. It is concluded that gamma irradiation could serve as an effective method in extending the shelf life of white sandwich bread. Keywords: White sandwich bread, Gamma irradiation, microbial, shelf life, food spoilage. Title: Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Microbial of White Sandwich Bread Author: Muhammad Hanif Hamza, Inayatullah Shah Sayed, Ibrahim Bin Abu Bakar ISSN 2348-313X (Print) International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

Abstract: Itterleukin-6 is a cytokine with an extensive range of biological activities. On the immune system it has the wide range of impact and it can affect the homeostatic process by having hormone like characteristics. It is widely used in the clinical intervention because it has both anti and pro-inflammatory properties. It is activated during inflammation and maturation of B cells. It can act as pyrogen and can cause fever during infection, non-infection and autoimmune diseases. IL-6 is produced by the macrophages and monocytes in reaction to other inflammatory cytokines which contain tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-beta and interleukin-11. In resting phase the receptors of IL-6 is present on normal activated B-cells, cells in hepatic and myeloid cell lines and normal T-lymphocytes. In the host defense the acute IL-6 expression plays a main role by activates the different cell population. IL-6 initiates the wide range of acute-phase proteins such as serum amyloid A (SAA), fibrinogen, hatoglobin, C-reactive protein, hepcidin and antichymotrypsin when acting on hepatocytes and lessend the cytochrome P450, transferrin, fibronectin and albumin, its structure contains the IL-6R, Sil-6R and gp130.it has role in many diseases but major role is present in the caner. Keywords: IL-6, structure of IL-6, signaling of IL-6, role of IL-6 in diseses, IL-6 and cancer. Title: Role of interleukin-6 in immunity: A Review Author: Sana Naseem, Dr. Razia Iqbal, Talhat munir International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Last decade has witnessed the significant role of hybrid imaging modalities (PET/CT and PET/MRI) in clinical examinations for diagnostic, therapeutic and other health related conditions of humankind. These modalities provide both the information, i.e., functional and anatomical in the single image relating to the organ under study. Thus, diagnostic accuracy and specificity of the disease in many patient studies has enormously increased. Also, confidence level in therapeutic procedures has risen. In this paper, evolution and clinical use of PET/CT and PET/MRI are briefly reviewed. Keywords: PET/CT, PET/MRI, Multimodality Imaging Systems, Diagnostic Accuracy, Oncology. Title: Multimodality Imaging –PET/CT and PET/MRI: Making a Difference Author: Inayatullah Shah Sayed International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: IspE contributes to the fourth step of non-mevalonate pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogenic species. The non-mevalonate pathway is engaged in the synthesis of isoprenoid precursor. The precursors of the isoprenoids are the isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). IspE catalyzes the transfer of γ-phosphoryl group from ATP to 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-d-erythritol (CDP-ME) resulting in 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2-phosphate (CDP-ME2P). Based on the crystal structure of IspE complex with AMP-PNP from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the virtual screening was carried out using ZINC database. The pharmacophore model was developed based on the AMP-PNP interactions with IspE. A subset of 5805 molecules was extracted from ZINC database utilizing the developed pharmacophore model. Through the docking and binding affinity approach, five novel compounds were identified that may act as inhibitors of IspE. Further, the molecular dynamics simulation (MD simulation) revealed that four compounds (compound 1, 2, 3 and 4) among them are more stable in the active site. The MMPBSA analysis also supports the four compounds as good inhibitors in term of binding energy. More interestingly, these compounds show diversity in their structure and also show no resemblance with other published inhibitors. As these compounds belong to the different class of compound, this study is providing an opportunity to further synthesize the derivatives of each compound for the optimization of their inhibitory activity. Therefore, in the present study, five compounds were described as a novel lead compounds that will act as good starting point for the drug discovery. Keywords: IspE Inhibitors, Molecular docking, MD Simulation, ZINC database, MMPBSA analysis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Title: In Silico Identification of Lead Compounds for the Inhibition of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis IspE Using Complex Based Pharmacophore Mapping, Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Author: Eman Abdullah Almuqri, Mohammad Teimouri, Junaid Muhammad International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online), ISSN 2348-313X (Print) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The AOAC (2005) method was used to determine the proximate composition of the edible parts of the shellfishes from Okpoka creek.The results shows that all five shellfishes recorded high moisture content and their values were T. fuscatus (70.1±0.04), T. coronate (78.6±0.61) C. gasar (72.1±0.20), C. guanhumi (73.8±0.30) and C. amnicola (70.4±0.45) respectively. The ash content of the shellfishes showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between the five shellfishes. However, C. guanhumi (7.38±0.45%) recorded the highest value followed by C. amnicola (6.70±0.23) while T. coronata (2.08±0.75%) had the least value.The fat content of all the shellfishes from Okpoka Creek revealed significant differences (p<0.05) with C. amnicola (1.81±0.90%) recording the highest fat content while C. gasar (0.27±0.22%) recorded the least fat content.Moreover, there was significant differences (p<0.05) between the crude protein content of all five species of the shellfishes with T. fuscatus (23.7±0.36) recording the highest crude protein content followed by C. gasar (20.95±0.05%) while T. coronata (15.82±0.28%) had the least crude protein content.T. coronata (8.19±0.19%) recorded the highest carbohydrate content followed by T. fuscatus while C. gasar (0.66±0.25%) recorded the least carbohydrate content.The five shellfishes are good sources of protein, low in carbohydrate and fat contents.The variation in their nutritional composition could be attributed to the different environmental factors that governs their distribution and since all five shellfish species from this creek shows low fat content and low nitrogen free extract concentration, therefore, will be beneficial for lowering triglycerides which is the main fat-carrying particle in the bloodstream which will not enhance obesity too. Keywords: Moisture, Fat, Ash Protein, NFE and Shell fish. Title: Proximate Composition of Edible Parts of Shellfishes from Okpoka Creeks in Rivers State, Nigeria Author: Davies I. C, Jamabo N. A International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Selenium is an important trace metal implicated in many human health and diseases. Although its beneficial effects on humans were identified in the early 50s, its relevance and clinical applications emerged only during the last two decades. Its beneficial effects on DM has been studied extensively and its usefulness for other diseases like renal, cardiac, liver, psychiatric, reproductive, neurologic, infections and endocrine have recently been explored. This review article summarises the research findings of the last two decades on the role of selenium in all of the human diseases mentioned above. Although there are controversies among research findings, still there is scope for further research in this field to establish solid diagnostic strategies regarding supplementation on a reasonable number of populations and to bring out a standard protocol to implement for the benefit of various human diseases identified as selenium deficient Keywords: DM, IR, OS, PCOS. Title: Selenium in Health and Diseases Author: Swaminathan S, Revathy K, Rajeswari S International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Obesity and Vitamin D deficiency are now considered morbidity phenomenon prevalent in the whole world. Moreover, obese subjects are known to have lower vitamin D levels compared to non-obese subjects. The objectives of the current study are to estimate the prevalence of obesity and vitamin D status in women living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and to find the correlation between serum [25(OH)D] and BMI in Saudi women, in addition to predict the serum vitamin D status in obese women. Two hundred seventy one Saudi women, aged between 20-40 years were included with this study. Studied subjects visited the clinic of the Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research (CEOR), during November 2013 to September 2014 and measured their fat distribution by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Women were stratified according to their body mass index (BMI) into overweight with 25-<30 kg/m2 and obese with BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Women provided their blood samples to detect Serum [25(OH) D]: a value of < 24.9 nmol/L is considered as deficiency, insufficiency 25 to 74.9 nmol/L and sufficient ≥75 nmol/L. The results of the present study showed that obesity was estimated by 52.1% (29.2% overweight and 22.9% obese) by using BMI method. Anthropometric characteristic (height is excluded), fat distribution and body composition revealed a significant increasing at P< 0.0001. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were reported in all studied women (47.6% and 44.3%, respectively), regardless of BMI. The same finding of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were found when the women stratified according to their BMI, in control group (43.8% and 46.9%, respectively), overweight group (44.3% and 49.4%, respectively) and obese group (59.7% and 32.3%, respectively). Furthermore, our result showed that serum [25(OH)D] has no significant difference between the studied women in relation to their BMI unless the women were stratified according to vitamin D status into deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency; After this stratification, a negative association was found between serum [25(OH)D] and BMI for only the sufficient group in obese women. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are rather highly prevalent among women living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; and this prevalence is becoming worse with obesity. Keywords: Vitamin D- BMI- DXA- Obese- Women- Jeddah. Title: Correlation between Serum Vitamin D Status and Body Mass Index in Obese Women Author: Mai Albaik, Jalaluddin Khan, Mohammed-Saleh Ardawi, Said S. Moselhy International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Obesity is a chronic disorder of multifactorial causes and is now classified as a serious public health problem. The aim of the present study is to assess biochemical changes and to predict the significant factors that contribute to metabolic influence in obese women. Two hundred twelve women, aged between 20-40 years, living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia were conducted with this study. Studied subjects visited the clinic of the Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research (CEOR), during November 2013 to September 2014 and provided their blood samples to measure fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), calcium, phosphorous and magnesium. The results of the present study showed there were significant differences in age (P< 0.002) and serum TG (P< 0.0001) among control, overweight and obese women. The importance predictors that effect on BMI were revealed by using Automatic Linear Regression, along with the effect direction and the P-value. The significant variables arranged in descending order of importance were as follows: serum TG (45%, positive effect, P< 0.0001), age (39%, positive effect, P< 0.0001) and serum HDL-C (16%, negative effect, P< 0.009). It was concluded that age, serum TG and serum HDL-C are predictive factors of obesity. Keywords: Obesity- Biochemical Changes- Age- Women. Title: Predication of Biochemical Changes in Obese Women Author: Mai Albaik, Jalaluddin Khan, Mohammed-Saleh Ardawi, Said S. Moselhy International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Duplication of great saphenous vein in the left leg of 62 year-old male cadaver was observed during routine dissection of the lower limb at the Department of Human Anatomy, University Putra Malaysia. The duplication of the great saphenous vein in the left leg was associated with oedematous leg and foot. Furthermore, there was also anterolateral overlapping of the femoral artery over the femoral vein at its beginning in the femoral triangle. This variation is very important to a surgeon who is dealing with coronary artery bypass surgery, awareness in present of recurrence of varicosity after a successful surgery and awareness for vascular radiologist in doing ultrasonography of great saphenous vein and preparing for femoral nerve block. Keywords: anatomical variant, great saphenous vein, femoral artery, femoral vein. Title: Unilateral Duplication of Great Saphenous Vein in the Leg – A Cadaveric Case Report Author: Che Norma MT, Aye Aye San, Amierul S, Mohamad Aris MM, Pike See C, Fauziah O International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Ethion an organophosphate was orally administrated at 16mg/kg/day to Swiss albino mice for 5, 10, 20 and 30d days, control mice received similar. Quantities of olive oil. Daily body weight were recorded and the mice sacrificed by cervical dislocation after 24 hours the terminal exposure of ethion, in the number of follicles, and histological evaluation of the control mouse, ovary, revealed the presence of many developing follicles Graafian, corpora luteal and Atretic follicles the treatment with ethion foe 5 and 10 d showed no significant changes in the number of small ,medium and large healthy and atretic follicles how ever there was significant decrease in the Total number of healthy follicles with d ethion treatment the histological evaluation of the ovary of mouse following Ethion Treatement for 5d revealed the presence of many developing follicles, corpora luteal and atretic follicles treated and Treatment with Ethion for 20,30,d showed a significant decrease in the number of small, medium, large and total number of atretic follicles when compared with control. The histological evaluation of the ovary of the mice following Ethion treatment for 20, 30 d showed developing follicles, corpora luteal many atretic many atretic follicles but not Graafian follicles There was a decrease in the ovary uterus. Weight, protein, sialic and 3βHSD content, but there was increase in the cholesterol content in treated mice compared to control. Keywords: Ethion. Histology, ovary, enzymes, Toxicity. Title: Effect of Ethion Administration Schedules on Estrous Cycle and Follicular Dynamics in Albino Mice Author: SUVARNARAJESH.YADAPPA.KRISHNAPUR, B.B.KALIWAL, M.F.ANSARI International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The levels of the heavy metals; cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were investigated in the vegetables (carrots and tomatoes) planted in farmlands around the old mine sites in Jos, Plateau State. These edible vegetables were planted and harvested at maturity. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used for the analyses. The result reveals that cadmium concentrations ranged from 0.01 – 0.45mg/kg and lead concentrations ranged from 0.01 – 0.31mg/kg. The uptake of these metals by tomatoes was higher than that of carrots. The results further showed that concentrations of cadmium in some of the vegetables were above the Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organisation (FAO/WHO) maximum permissible limit. The soil – plant transfer factor values of cadmium in tomatoes from two of the farms were higher than 1(TF>1), one farm had transfer factor of 1, this implied that there was soil –plant transfer of cadmium in the tomatoes that had TF greater than 1. While lead had soil – plant transfer values lower than 1(TF<1) in some of the vegetables, this implied that there was no soil - plant transfer of lead to these vegetables. Keywords: Cadmium, lead, vegetables, transfer - factor. Title: Investigating the Transfer of Metals to Carrots and Tomatoes from Soils of Old Mining Site of Jos Plateau, Nigeria Author: DORCAS OLUYEMI JOSEPH, JOSEPH NDANUSA EGILA, SUNDAY JOHN SALAMI International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Hands show basic sexuality than most people realize. Hand reading is not just about shape, line formation and other such features. We use our hands to express ourselves in close encounters of the sexual kind as well. Our hands reveals basic drives urges and our capacity for giving and receiving love and affection. The main objectives of this research are recognizing sexual behaviors of people and also sexual behaviors that are linked to abnormal chromosomal levels through hand analysis. This work covers the study of various types of people who are having different types of sexual behaviors and desires. Obtain both handprints of all these people. Various aspects were observed under four main streams of palmistry. The percentages of each of the signs were categorized. Part of Chrirognomy of our hands denotes our overall sexual personality. Part of Chiromancy indicates desires, emotions and sexual nature. Part of Dermatoglyphics exposes inherits traits. Part of hand gestures reveals the emotional nature either offensive or defensive. Results exposed that human behaviors and desires can be recognized through hand. Keywords: Chrirognomy, Chiromancy, Dermatoglyphics, Gestures. Title: Recognizing Sexual Behaviors through Hand Analysis Author: Dr. Kanchana Kohombange International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Streptomyces members are well known source of bio control agents due to their ability to produce various secondary metabolites like antibiotics and enzymes. In the present study, a soil actinomycetes member Streptomyces filamentosuswas studied for its ability to produce antimicrobial compounds under controlled conditions. Optimum conditions such as type of medium, pH, temperature, incubation time, salt concentration, carbon and nitrogen source etc., for the production of antimicrobial compounds was determined. It was observed that it can produce two major antibiotic substances one resembles streptomycin (C21H39N7O12) and another was near dioxolomycin(C9H13NO4). In the present study the conditions for the maximum production and the process of production, extraction was also studied. The structural details were determined using NMR, Mass spectroscopic and HPLC analysis. Keywords: Secondary metabolites, compounds, NMR, Mass Spectroscopy and HPLC. Title: Extraction and Detection of Antimicrobial Compound from Streptomyces Filamentosus Author: Sujatha.Taidala, P. Sivaraagini, M.V. Raman, Vijayalakshmi Kondaveeti International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Identification of high yielding varieties of rice in saline soils is important in increasing its cultivated land area for production. The yield and leaf nutrient content of IR20, POKKALI, IR29 and NERICAI rice varieties were examined at different concentrations of sodium salts to assess their tolerance to soil salinity. Saline solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) were used to irrigate the plants at concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 ds/m. Panicle length was decreased significant by NaCl solutions only in POKKALI and NERICA1 from 10 ds/m and above compared to the control while Na2SO4 did not significantly affect the parameter in all the varieties. Number of tillers/plant was also deceased by NaCl solution in all the varieties except NERICA1. A significant reduction was obtained in IR20 and IR29 from 10 ds/m and above, and at 15 ds/m in POKKALI. Na2SO4 however reduced the variable in IR20 and IR29 from 5 ds/m and above while POKKALI differed from 10 ds/m, but no significant difference was observed as compared to the control in NERICA1. There was also variation in the spikelets/plant among the varieties depending on the salt type and concentration. 100-Grain weight/plant reduced significantly only in IR20 at 15 dm/s under NaCl as well as in IR29 and NERICA1 at 15dm/s under Na2SO4. Grain length was not affected in any of the varieties by salt treatments. The flag leaf length was also not significantly affected by NaCl treatment but Na2SO4 solution at 15 ds/m caused significantly reduced values in all the varieties. There was accumulation of Na+ in the leaf of salt-treated plants with increasing concentration of salt in all the varieties. Leaf K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ generally decreased in plants exposed to salinity with variation among varieties depending on salt type and concentrations, except in IR29 with increased leaf Mg2+ as well as NERICA1 with higher leaf K+ and Mg2+ content under Na2SO4 treatment than in the control. There was variability among the varieties depending on salt type and concentrations in the response of the four rice varieties to salinity, but NaCl was more severe than Na2SO4. Keywords: Oryza sativa, varieties, soil salinity, tolerance, yield. Title: Leaf Nutrient Content and Yield of Rice Cultivars under Different Concentrations of Chloride and Sulphate Salts of Sodium Author: Foluso Ologundudu, Otitoloju Kekere International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Research Publish Journals