Vol 5 Issue 4 October 2017-December 2017

Abstract: About 70% of the India economy depends on agriculture. Due to environmental changes such as rainfall, temperature, the crop yield gets affected severely. Phaseolus vulgaris L. is an important food legume crops and provide essential diet for millions of people across the world. It is affected by various diseases out of which Anthracnose are of major importance. Anthracnose disease is caused by fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Camellia assamica (J. W. Mast.) W. Wight is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage crops in the world. The leaf gets severely affected by fungus Alternaria alternata. Development of automatic detection system using advanced computer technology such as image processing  help to support the farmers in the identification of diseases at an early or initial stage and provide useful information for its control.  Therefore the present study was carried out on automatic disease detection of plant leaf of Phaseolus vulgaris (Beans) and Camellia assamica (Tea) using image processing techniques. It involves image acquisition, image preprocessing, image segmentation, feature extraction and classification.

Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, Camellia assamica, image acquisition, image segmentation, feature extraction.

Title: Detection and Classification of Plant Leaf Diseases in Image Processing using MATLAB

Author: Malti K. Singh, Subrat Chetia

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Pterocarpus indicus, commonly known as narra, is a significant tree in the Philippines, environmentally, economically and medically. This paper analyzes the leaf shape of the tree within the province of Cebu, where three sampling sites were identified, namely: northern, central and southern Cebu. 150 leaves per sampling site that contain seven leaflets were the subject of the analyses using the software SHAPE version 1.7. Generated eigenvalues of its first and second principal components were used for cluster analyses. Results showed that except for right leaflet-3, the northern and southern samples were closely clustered than those from the central. Even the average leaf shape is consistent with the leaflet shape. The difference of the shapes can be attributed to the tree’s phenotypic plasticity since climatic data (temperature, precipitation, humidity) and elevation differs from the sampling sites, thus making the tree a potential indicator of environmental changes. A more intense shape analyses that considers varying leaflet number, age of tree, spatial distribution and anthropogenic disturbances are highly recommended for future studies.

Keywords: Pterocarpus indicus, SHAPE, leaf plasticity, Cebu.

Title: Cluster Analyses of Pterocarpus indicus (Narra) Leaf Shape in Cebu, Philippines

Author: Edward Laurence L. Opena

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: In the present study, leaves of Ocimumbasilicum were extracted using n-hexane and dichloromethane as solvents in the ratio 5:1.

These crude extracts were subjected to different chromatographic techniques for isolation of pure compounds. The infra red spectrum of the isolated compounds were obtained and interpreted to know the functional groups. GC-Ms was also carried out for the identification of constituents compounds.

The results observed are strong and broad band for phenol due to O-H hydrogen bonded alcohol (3423cm­­­­­­­-1), C-H stretching vibration for aliphatic hydrocarbon (2956cm-1) and bending vibration for alkane at lower frequency (1462cm), C-N aromatic tertiary amine (1367), C-O tertiary and primary alcohol, C-H out- of-plane bending vibration of alkene with band of 896.

We have C-H out-of-plane bending vibration of disubstituted and phenyl substitution aromatic ring. The bending in this range gives strong bands in the 800-1000cm. The absorption bands of 737, 721, 669 are assigned to these phenyl substitution on aromatic ring respectively.

There is a unique chemical characteristic of sulphur.i.e S-S formation bond on extended chain called Catenation (polysulfide and arylsulfide with bands of 470 and 418).

Keywords: Ocimumbasilicum, aromatic tertiary amine, dichloromethane.

Title: Colour Reaction of the Chemical Components of Leaves of Ocimum basilicum on Thin Layer Chromatogram

Author: Ogunniran Blessing Ifeoluwa, Prof. G.A. Olatunji

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Medicinal plants are the sources of many important scientific drugs of the modern world. The leaves of Carica Papaya were collected from Nsukka towns. Phytochemical studies were carried out on the crude aqueous leaf extract (decotion) using standard phytochemical methods. Blood samples from normal haemoglobin genotype homozygotes (HbAA), sickle heterozygotes (Hb AS) and sickle homozygotes (HbSS) of ages between 20 and 30 years collected from the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, were used for the study. The haemolytic activity of Carica Papaya aqueous extract was investigated using the normal haemoglobin genotype, sickle heterozygotes and sickle haemozygotes at different incubation period and at the different concentrations of the plant extract. The study of the haemolytic activity of Carica Papaya plant extract on different Hb-genotypes at different incubation periods showed heamolysis (invitro) significantly higher (p<0.05) in the genotype HbSS when compared to Hb AS and Hb AA individuals. The heamolysis observed in the Hb AS is significantly higher than that of Hb AA. The result of the study showed that Carica Papaya causes haemolysis which was more evident in genotype ‘SS’ due to the fragility and instability of sickle haemoglobin.

Keywords:  Haemolysis, Genotype, phytochemical, Carica Papaya.

Title: The Haemolytic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Carica Papaya

Author: OBIEKWE UCHE WINIFRED, ALUMANAH EDWIN. O

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Costus afer therapeutically importance in southern part of Nigeria cannot be over emphasized; it is valued in this part of Nigeria for its anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties2. The use of herbs and plants to support treatment of diabetes following the observed inadequacy in some therapeutic drugs is gradually been practiced worldwide now. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemistry and proximate composition of costus afer. Materials and method: Following the preparation of costus afer stem extract the plant was screened for phytochemicals and proximate composition. Results: The result of proximate and phytochemical screening of costus afer palnt indicated the presence of alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and cardiac glycosides, carbohydrate, protein, lipid, ash, fiber and moisture. WBC count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count, eosinophil count, basophil count, RBC count, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW.SD, PLT, MPV and PDW of untreated diabetic induced animals were lower compared to treated animals and the controls, the reduction was only significant for RBC and RDW.SD while PCT of untreated animals was increased.

Keywords: costus afer, proximate composition, phytochemistry, haematological parameters.

Title: Proximate and Phytochemistry of Costus afer Plant from Niger Delta State and Its Effect on Haematological Parameters

Author: OKARI KARIBO AMAKIRI, ANACLETUS FRANCIS C.

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: During the past five decades, dengue has evolved into one of the world’s most widespread infectious diseases and now constitutes a major global public health problem. Four closely related dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, -2, -3, -4), are the causative agents of dengue disease. The spread of dengue virus (DENVs) has been attributed to massive unplanned urbanization, overpopulation, increasing global travel, and the inability to eradicate mosquito vectors. Dengue virus RNA genome contains 10,723 nucleotides translating a single ORF that encodes polyprotein precursor of 3391 amino acids residues , following which are series of post- translational proteolytic processing events generate the mature viral products. The viral poly protein has three structural and 7 non-structural (NS) proteins: C (core), prM (precursor to membrane), E (envelope), NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5. The multistep maturation process is helped by host proteases and dengue NS2B-NS3 protease by cleaving the viral polyprotein at certain sites into its constituent proteins. In this paper we report the self-cleavage activity of GST tagged NS2b-NS3 DENV type 2 protease.

Keywords: Auto-cleavage, dengue virus, protein purification, NS proteins.

Title: Auto-cleavage of GST Tagged Dengue Virus Type 2 NS2B-NS3 Protease

Author: Sushil Kumar, Seema Dwivedi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Salinity negatively affects plant growth and causes significant crop yield losses world-wide. Susceptibility or tolerance of plants to high salinity is a coordinated action of multiple stress responsive genes, which also interacts with other components of stress signal transduction pathways. In plants, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) are important scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to protect the cell from damage. In the present study, we isolated Cu/Zn-SOD from high altitude plant of western Himalaya namely, Potentilla atrosanguinea and overexpressed it under CaMV 35S promoter. The aim of the present study was to unravel whether the overexpression of antioxidant gene has any effect on the germination and tolerance levels in transgenic under salinity stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing Cu/Zn-SOD showed tolerance to salt stress and improved germination rates that could have been due to the higher expression levels of the genes encoding enzymes of the antioxidant pathways. We propose that Cu/Zn-SOD overexpression elevates transcript levels of antioxidant related genes, leading to enhanced antioxidant activity. The resultant increase of antioxidant activity improves abiotic stress tolerance.

Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, Salinity stress, Cu/Zn-SOD, Antioxidant, Germination.

Title: Effect of Salinity Stress on Germination, Tolerance and Antioxidant Response in Arabidopsis Thaliana Overexpressing Cu/Zn-SOD

Author: Amrina Shafi, Mudasir A Mir, Insha Zahoor

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Medicinal plants have been used for decades for the treatment of different diseases. Solanum nigrum L. is an important medicinal plant in many traditional health care system. It has been used for various diseases like liver disorder, diabeties, infections, cancer, inflammations and peptic ulcer. In the present study, we screened the whole plant of Solanum nigrum L. for their in-vivo anticancerous activity.

Result: After in-vivo screening of the extract, it was concluded that the aqeous chloroform extract of Solanum nigrum L. revealed a marked cytotoxicity against B16F10 cell lines with  IC50 values 346.1 µg/ml (Romana et al.,2014). Chloroform extract showed the lowest IC50, 346.1µg/ml as compared to ethyl acetate  extracts having IC50 values 355.5 µg/ml. IR and GC-MS spectral analysis confirms the presence of solanine in the extract which is an anticancerous alkaloid.

Keywords: Medicinal plant, Solanum nigrum L., extract, cytotoxicity.

Title: Anticancerous Activity of Chloroform and Ethyle Acetate Extract of Solanum nigrum L. against B16F10 Cell Lines in C57BL/6 mice

Author: Romana Rashid, Dr. Ghulam Nabi Hajam, Muzaffer Hussain Wani, Dr. Manik Sharma

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Biosorption is a process of using waste biomass to clean contaminated environment. This study was conducted to determine the capability of O. niloticus Linn fish scale as biosorbent for chromium contaminated aqueous solutions. Scales were washed and air dried before exposure to induced-wastewater that simulates high contamination in aqueous solutions. Initial concentration of synthetic wastewater was controlled and final concentration was sent to CRL Laboratory for measurement of total Chromium. Variations on contact time and weigh of dried scales were used to measure the biosorption capabilities of the fish scales where length of exposure used were 24, 48, and 96 hours and weight of dried scales were 1, 3 and 5 grams. Analysis of variance showed significant differences on both length of exposure and weight of biosorbent. Furthermore, the study showed a negative correlation on the chromium-induced wastewater respectively. Moreover, exposure of biomass to highly contaminated aqueous solution showed a drastic decline on chromium concentration with increasing weight of fishscales as well as longer contact times. Future study is highly recommended on the use of O. niloticus Linn and other fish scales on natural heavy metal contaminated freshwater ecosystem.

Keywords: Biosorption, fish scales, experimental, Zambales, Philippines.

Title: Biosorption Using Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linn) Scales in Chromium – Induced Wastewater

Author: Mary Rhovian B. Bacani, Elvira D. Magno

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The development of industries and extensive urbanization has enhanced water consumption and pollution resulting from problems of industrial waste disposal. This Industrial development results in the generation of industrial effluents and if untreated it results in water and soil pollution. This study was carried out to check the impact of the effluent discharged by the vegetable-oil-producing industry and its possible environmental pollution level of the surrounding habitat. Of the collected and analyzed water and soil samples, it was found that all the isolated metals have their concentration in the water and soil ranging above that that was found in the control sample. A total of eight (8) heavy metals: Copper (Cu), Nikel (Ni), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Cadmium (Cd) were identified from the water and soil samples collected. Of the eight isolated metals: Ni, Cr, Pb, Fe, Zn, and Cd were noted to occur above their respective permissible limits as approved by the Federal and State Environmental Protection Agencies. Pb was absent in soil sample A while Mn was not detected in water samples C,D and F and soil sample D, E and F.  In reference to the control samples, all the water samples analyzed recorded Zn(27.39±0.02)ppm at water point B with a remarkably high concentration while in the soil samples, Fe was remarkably high in concentration followed by Pb.The concentration of Cu was found to have slightly exceeded that of the control which was put at (0.21±0.01)ppm only at water sample point B and E. Compared to the control (0.32±0.01ppm), Pb has shown all concentrations above that of the control sample, with a remarkable high concentration (13.94±0.02)ppm and (17.36±0.02)ppm in water samples of point A (effluent discharge point) and point D (mining point) respectively. The Physicochemical parameters measured and recorded for the different sampling points analyzed were: Total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, chlorine (Cl^-) content, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solute (TSS), alkalinity, oil and grease. The samples were compared to a control sample and of all the parameters taken, three (TDS, turbidity and alkalinity) showed significant values above that of the control sample at most of the points with their values peaking at points B and C. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze results of the different sample points and mean differences were sorted out based on Tukey-Kramer’s Multiple Comparisons Test using InStat3 Software, 2013 ( significant at P<0.05) while paired sample t-test carried out to test for difference in means of concentrations (ppm) for both soil and water samples using SPSS software. Creating awareness of this finding to the public is recommended.

Keywords: Heavy Metals, Effluent, Pollution, Industry, Awareness, Physicochemical.

Title: Assessment of Heavy Metals and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Stream Associated With Vegetable-Oil-Industrial Effluent in Zawan Community, Jos South- Plateau State, Nigeria

Author: Gonap, B.J., Onekutu, A., Ebah, E.E

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: This study broadens the scope of representation of the genus Indigofera and provides information to facilitate the reexamination of the phenetic grouping of the Indigofera species. Quantitative pollen data were collected from acetolysed pollen of annotated herbarium specimens: I. tanganyikensis, I. denroides, I. spicata, I. sabulata, I. volkensii, I. fulvopilosa, I. hirsuta, I. drepanocarpa, I. paracapitata, I. asparagoides, I. ambelacensis, I. vohemarensis, I. subargentea, I. circinella, I. zenkeri, I. arrecta, and I. vicioides. Hierachical cluster algorithm validates both 3 and 4 phenons as significantly separated by the Polar axis, Equatorial axis and  P/E. ANOVA (α=0.05, p=0, F(2,14)=48.67), (α=0.05, p=0, F(3,13)=64.41) validates a 3 and 4-cluster solution based on Polar axis respectively. ANOVA (α=0.05, p=0, F(2,14)=44.61);  (α=0.05, p=0, F(3,13)=37.99) validates 3 and 4-cluster solution based on Equatorial axis respectively. The P/E had the lowest F statistic in both 3 and 4 cluster solutions. Tukey HSD post hoc analysis revealed significant differences in all the phenons based on the Polar axis and the Equatorial axis and not in the P/E ratio.The findings of this study are congruent with previous 3-phenon taxonomic treatments coalescing I. ambelacensis, I. fulvipilosa and I. dendroides.

Keywords: Cluster solutions, Polar axis, Equatorial axis, P/E,Validation, ANOVA, Indigofera.

Title: Validation of Hierarchical Cluster Solutions Based on Quantitative Pollen Characters of Some Indigofera Linn Species

Author: Philip Onyango, Regina Nyunja, George Opande

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Many of building materials or geochemical data are not homogeneous nor normally distributed. Thus, most of scientists have used parametric tests, e.g., multiple regression, ANOVA, to robust their inhomogeneous or non-parametric distributed results produced through analytical work. Some researchers are not familiar with traditional transformations (e.g., square root, inverse, log) that may help to improve the normality tests (e.g Shewhart confidence limit). In the present work, more emphasis was on data transformations models (e.g Box-Cox) were carried out using Cr data in adhesive building materials analysis. Therefore, this paper deals with traditional normalizing transformations and their models where the purpose of is to find an appropriate probability distribution function to apply into the obtained data.

Keywords: Model of Chromium, Adhesive Building Materials.

Title: The Fitting Distribution Model of Chromium in Adhesive Building Materials Used in Saudi Arabia

Author: H. Alshammari, A. Algammidi, Ahmed Algammidi

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Field experimenst were conducted in dry land areas of Waghimra; Sekota, Dehana and Bugna (Lalibela) during 2007 and 2008 cropping season. The objective of the experiment was to select well adaptive and high yielding shallot varieties for the areas. Two shallot varieties namely Hurruta and Negele including the local check were tested in randomized complete block design with three replications. The combined analysis of the mean over location and seasons showed that there was a statistical mean difference among the varieties in all parameters except days to maturity. Among the varieties tested, the largest bulb (2.72cm) was recorded by Negele cultivar followed by Hurruta (2.61cm). Hurruta cultivars gave the highest bulb yield (10.12 t ha-1) followed by Negele (9.69 t ha-1).  The overall performance of the two cultivars was better that the local one. Hence, it is possible to recommend both Hurruta and Negele cultivars for rainfed production.

Keywords: Shallot, Cultivars, bulb yield.

Title: Evaluation of Shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum) Cultivars at Wag-Lasta District, North East Ethiopia

Author: Aleminew Tagele, Tibebu Tesfaye, Wubshet Beshir

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The prevalence of Listeria species in retail raw animal food products covering most Tripoli city in Libya were studied with testing of 180 samples of dairy, meat  and their products from September 2015 to May 2016. Among all investigated samples 79 (43.8%) tested positive for Listeria spp, 32 (40%) samples were positive from different dairy products (7 laben, 9 raw cow’s milk, 8 Ricotta cheese, 8 Maassora cheese) and 47 (47%) samples from various meat and its products (9 chicken meat, 12 chicken burger, 3 raw beef, 12 beef burger, 11 beef sausage). A total of 158 isolates were analyzed and confirmed by biochemical characterization and hemolysis on sheep blood agar which revealed that 22 (13.9%) isolates were Listeria welshimeri, 54 (34.2%) were L. murrayi, 12 (7.6%) were identified as L. grayi, 23 (14.6%) were L. momcytogenes and 47 (29.7%) were L. innocua.  Neither L. ivanovii nor L. seeligeri were detected. Listeria spp. were isolated as follows: 17 (10.8%) from raw milk, 10 (6.3%)  Laben, 12 (7.6%)  Massora cheese, 25 (15.8%) chicken meat, 41 (25.9%) raw beef, 11 (7%) beef burger. While 14 (8.7%) was isolated from Ricotta cheese, chicken burger and beef sausage. The data obtained in this study provides useful information for assessment of the possible risk posed to Libyan consumers and will have a significant public health impact in Libya. This is the first study reporting the occurrence and distribution of Listeria spp. in retail dairy, meat and their products purchased in Tripoli city, Libya.

Keywords: Listeria spp., Milk, Dairy Products, Meat, Meat products, Libya.

Title: Prevalence of Listeria spp. among Dairy, Meat and their Products Marketed in Tripoli, Libya

Author: Hesham, T. Naas, Hanan, L. Eshamah, Fathi, A. Tabal, Gehan, A. Elshrif, Salem, F. Abureema

International Journal of Life Sciences Research     

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Age and growth estimation in fishes using bony structures usually presents some disadvantages in the analysis of growth rings due to the morphologic characteristics of the species. Therefore it is recommended to examine more than one structure through direct observation and by applying statistical methods. The objective of this study was to compare otoliths and cleithra of the grunt Haemulon steindachneri to validate adequate structures for determining the age and growth of the species. Two hundred and fifty specimens were used; the sample was captured by the handcrafted fleet of Southwest Margarita Island between September 2005 and April 2006. Otoliths and cleithra were removed from the animals and analysed with a magnification binocular glass and reflected light. The percentage of bony structures with clearly legible and non-legible growth rings was verified. Partial and total radiuses were measured, and the relation between the total length of the fish and the total radius of the structure was established. These parameters were used later to estimate the back-calculated lengths for each structure. A Fisher test was used to statistically compare the back-calculated average lengths of each group of age from otoliths and cleithra. The back-calculation did not present significant statistical differences (p> 0.05) between the four groups of age observed. The study concluded that both bony structures are statistically similar for age and growth studies of H. steindachneri. Otoliths are recommended as the appropriate structure for presenting easily removable and clearly visible growth rings without the need for any special treatment.

Keywords: Otolith, Cleithrum, Age, Growth, Haemulon steindachneri, Margarita Island, Venezuela.

Title: Comparison of Otoliths and Cleithra for Age and Growth Studies of the Grunt Haemulon steindachneri (Teleostei: Haemulidae) from Southwest Margarita Island, Venezuela

Author: Misael D. Morales, Leo W. González

International Journal of Life Sciences Research    

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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