Vol 7 Issue 4 October 2019-December 2019

Abstract: The orthodontic correction of facial asymmetries is often considered a difficult and challenging process, primarily because of misdiagnosis and poorly planned treatment mechanics. A careful differential diagnosis together with a thorough treatment plan can ensure successful treatment outcomes in the management of these malocclusions. In this article, key elements of differential diagnosis and treatment planning are reviewed.

Keywords: orthodontic correction, facial asymmetries, poorly planned treatment mechanics.

Title: Overview of Facial Asymmetry

Author: Dr. Hussain Alabduljabbar, Dr. Samar AlSaeed, Dr. Tamer Aljamaan

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The current paper gives baseline information on the biodiversity of spiders from the agriculture fields of Kheralu taluka, which lies within the Mahesana district, Gujarat. The spiders have collected and observed from July 2016 to June 2017, using handpicking collecting methods. A total of 95 species belonging to sixty-two genera and 19 different families were recorded. Araneidae and Salticidae have been determined to be dominant families with followed by Thomisidae, Lycosidae, and Oxyopidae. Also, these agricultural fields lie in the Jungle area which has the potential to preserve the spider populations in agricultural fields via supplying choice habitat to sustain spiders whilst the fields are disturbed in the course of farming practices.

Keywords: Spider, diversity, Gujarat.

Title: Spiders (Araneae) from Agro Ecosystem of Kheralu Taluka

Author: Dr. B. M. Parmar

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The Study has been carried out to find the bird diversity on construction of Power Grid Transmission Line activity in Kartala Forest Range, Chhattisgarh, for the period from July 2018 to April 2019.  A total of 28 bird species belonging to 23 families were recorded during the study period. The study also brought out eight types of feeding habits among the identified species. Most of the species recorded in the study area were residents. The study underlines the importance of green space around Power grid ecosystems as preferred habitats for bird populations. The Study area have been located in Kartala Forest Range under the Korba Forest Division, which includes core area 26.5789 ha area and surrounding 5 km area, considered as buffer and then compared diversity for both the areas. Major disturbances in core area affecting bird diversity include large amount of habitat degradation due to clear felling of tree and high-tension transmission line vibration, vehicle moment and anthropogenic pressure. Buffer area of transmission line having good forest and agriculture land, provides suitable habitat for birds.

Keywords: Birds, Species, Diversity, Transmission line, Forest.

Title: BIRD POPULATION PRESENT IN POWER GRID TRANSMISSION LINE STUDY AREA IN KORBA FOREST DIVISION

Author: Rajesh Kumar Toppo, Manas Ujjaini, Mudit Kumar Singh

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Soybean meal (SBM), an industrial by-product, is a rich source of true proteins for high performing domestic ruminants. Soybean meal, however, is highly degraded in the rumen by the ruminal microorganisms leading to downgrading of protein quality. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the effectiveness in protection of SBM protein from rumen microbial degradation and its availability in the lower gut using different techniques at different levels. In the study, SBM (50% CP) was processed using four techniques in randomized complete block design;  roasting at 150^oC for 0, 15, 30, and 45 minute(s); coating with 0, 10, 20, and 30 ml calcium soaps of beef oil (CSBO); and spraying with wattle tree pods extracts (WTPE) at 0, 1, 2, and 3%. Consequently, samples of PSBM were washed in tap water and  incubated in rumen of a fistulated steer for 16 hours and both insoluble and  undgradable protein (RUP) levels recorded. Also PSBM was incubated in distilled water and pepsin solution for 48 hours soluble and digestible protein recorded. In addition, Digestible Rumen Undegradable Proteins (DRUP) levels, derived by multiplying both RUP at 16 hours with net digestible proteins were used a complete randomized block design was used to evaluate PSBM.  Roasted SBM for 30 minutes at 150^oC ranked the highest (P<0.05) compared to other techniques levels.

Keywords: Soybean Meal, Techniques, Digestible Rumen Undegradable Proteins.

Title: Evaluation of Effectiveness of Various Soybean Meal Processing Techniques on Protection of Protein from Rumen Degradation

Author: Kinyua J., Musalia L, Gachuiri C

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: In Kenya, Napier grass (NP) and sweet potato vines (SPV) are some of the main source of feeds for dairy goats in low-inputs farming systems. The two, contains both high moisture and rumen degradable protein (RUP) which have negative effects in the utilization of nutrients. These effects can be reduced by fortifying the fodder diets with different amount of roasted soybean meal (RSBM).  The objective of the current study was to investigate the amount of RSBM that is suitable for optimal utilization of nutrients in the two fodders.  Three (3) diets were formulated as follows A= Control, B= Control Diet+ 3.25% RSBM and C= Control Diet+ 6.5% RSBM. The diets were offered to three Kenya Alpine and Toggernburg does in three feeding times. Data on apparent digestibility of the diets composition, rumen ammonia Nitrogen and nitrogen balance were recorded and analysed. In Kenya Alpine diet A and B had the highest (P<0.05) dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) apparent digestibility and C the lowest (P<0.05). In Toggernburg does diet A had the highest (P<0.05) DM and OM   digestibility and C the lowest (P<0.05).   In Toggernburg feeding time regime β had the highest (P<0.05) nitrogen free extracts apparent   digestibility and α lowest (P<0.05). On nitrogen balance diet C had the highest (P<0.05) while C had the lowest (P<0.05) in Kenya Alpine.  In addition, trial diet C had the highest (P<0.05) nitrogen balance while A had the lowest (P<0.05) in Toggernburg. 

Keywords: Fortified, Sweet Potato Vines, Roasted Soybean Meal, Time Regimes, Dairy Goats.

Title: Effects of Nutrients Utilization on Feeding Fortified Sweet Potato Vines with Roasted Soy Bean Meal at Different Time Regimes by Dairy Goats

Author: Kinyua J., Musalia L, Gachuiri C

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children under five year. Therefore, it is important to determine the factors associated with diarrhea, especially children under five year. Objective: aim of this study was to determine the incidence of diarrhea in children aged 6-59 months in Java Island. Material and methods: Data of 2.238 children on Java Island, Indonesia was obtained from the 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey which was collected by the RAND Corporation. The study applied cross-sectional designed and data was analysed using chi-square statistical analysis. Result: The Results of the interaction test showed no interaction between Age and stunting, age and father’s education, age weight at birth, age and receive vitamin A, and type floor towards the incidence of diarrhea in children. Age was the dominant factor contributing towards the incidence of in children in Java Island after controlling for variables of the stunting, father’s education, weight at birth, receive vitamin A, and type of floor. Conclusion: On Java Island – Indonesia, Risk of diarrhea consist of age (6 – 23 months),  low maternal education level, children with LBW, children who did not recieved vitamin A supplements, besides throwing trash in a place/ trashcan/ transported by officers, and poor liquid waste disposal. Children age 6-23 months had risk of diarrhea 1.15 times higher among children age 6-59 months

Keywords: diarrhea, children, nutrition.

Title: The Risk of Diarrhea Among Underfive Children In Java Island Indonesia (Data Analysis of Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014)

Author: Sheila Ridhawaty, Endang Laksminingsih Achadi, Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika, Winda Mulia Ningsih

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The Transfer factors and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in three fish species (Clarias gariepinus, Murmyrus rume and Tilapia zilli) were assessed in Rivers Owan and Evbiobe. The availability of Cu, Cr, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cd and Zn in water, sediment, fish and plants samples from the rivers was detected using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The result revealed that all the investigated fish species bio-concentrated the trace metals from the rivers water more than the sediment while there was no notable transfer of pollutants from the examined plants to the fish species. The transfer factor of the metals in fishes from water increased in order of Cr > Zn Cu >Pb>Mn> Fe > Cd for Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli with a slight swap between Pb and Mn in Mormyrus rume, all from Owan river.  Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli in Evbiobe river had TF values in order of Cr >Pb> Fe > Cd > Zn >Mn> Cu and Cr > Zn> Fe >Pb> Cd > Cu >Mn respectively.

Keywords: Transfer factor, bioaccumulation, fish, Owan and Evbiobe rivers.

Title: Transfer Factor and Bioaccumulation of Heavy metals in Fishes from Rivers Owan and Evbiobe, Edo State, Nigeria

Author: Oyakhilome Gloria Irenosen, Ajiwe Vincent Ishmael E.

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Blood parameters are useful for the measurement of haematological disturbances in parasitized fishes and provide information about the disorders in the host. So, the present investigation was carried out to study the effects of parasite on the blood or blood cells of a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus; collected from ponds of Morigaon district, Assam, India. Twenty five fishes (ten fishes collected from unpolluted fish pond and fifteen fishes collected from a domestic sewage-fed pond) were examined for parasites and their effects on blood. Two trypanosoma species (Trypanosoma elongatus and Trypanosoma sauli) were found in the fishes collected from sewage-fed pond. The haematological manifestation of the infected Channa punctatus (host) showed remarkable decrease in haemoglobin content by -19.402%, red blood cells by -20.883% and white blood cells by -8.042%. Differential leucocytes count was also performed and found that neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils of infected fishes were remarkably reduced to 33%, 55%, 1%, 0% and 0% respectively, compared to uninfected fishes. Haemoglobin content significantly reduced to 7.02±3.24g/dl, red blood cells to 1.97±2.62(106mm3), neutrophils to 33.00±2.56(%) and lymphocytes to 55.00±3.11(%). Morphological changes in the blood cells caused by parasitic invasion observed in the infected fishes reflected tissue damages like deformation of blood cells and nucleus, distorted shape of cell, ameboid nucleus, condense cytoplasm, vacuolated cells, blood cell membrane breakage, elongated cell and nucleus and displaced nucleus in WBC. Infected fishes showed weak body, dull body colour and anemia. Micronuclei were not observed in the present study. In our experiment no changes were observed in different blood  parameters of uninfected fishes.

Keywords: Blood parasites, Haematological alterations, Channa punctatus.

Title: PARASITE INDUCED ALTERATIONS ON SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF A FRESHWATER FISH, CHANNA PUNCTATUS COLLECTED FROM PONDS OF MORIGAON DISTRICT, ASSAM

Author: Dr. Bhagyashree Mahanta, Hena Parbin, Rijuana Ahmed, Dr. Abdul Q. Osmani, Dr. Bodheswar Kalita

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: In Kenya donkeys are a source of income for farming households through subsistence and commercial transport. A study was conducted to determine the benefits of keeping donkeys and the associated production challenges in small holder farming system in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Data were collected through thirteen focus group discussions (FGDs) using participatory epidemiological methods (PE). The FGDs comprised 8-12 participants who were donkey owners across thirteen donkey rearing locations in Kirinyaga County. Qualitative data was collected using listing, pairwise ranking and probing included reasons for keeping donkeys, challenges faced by working donkeys and the diseases encountered among these donkeys. Data analysis was performed using a non-parametric method, Kruskal-Wallis, to test whether median ranks were significantly different.  Quantitative data was collected using the structured questions in the focus group discussion guide and the descriptive summaries were presented as tables and themes. Narrative summaries were provided for the responses. The benefits included the incomes obtained from the use of donkeys in transportation (Z= 5.80) and manure production (Z= 3.47). Identified challenges included; theft for slaughter (Z = 5.99), diseases (Z = 3.03), road accidents (Z =2.83) and malicious cutting (Z = 2.32). Some of the diseases identified were tetanus (Z = 5.35), hoof problems (Z = 4.55), worms (Z = 3.10) and mange (Z = 2.24). The results are important for policy makers and extension agents with regard to health and welfare of donkeys kept under similar settings.

Keywords: Working donkeys. Benefits and challenges.  Livelihoods. Source of income. 

Title: Benefits and associated challenges of working donkey in small holder farming systems in Kenya

Author: Mary Gichure, Joshua Onono, Raphael Wahome, Peter Gathura

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Amaranthus Gangeticus is a medicinal plant.  Our aim is to investigate its organ protection property.  Hence ethanolic extract of Amaranthus Gangeticus leaves (AG) was taken and the parameters studied were SGPT, SGOT, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total cholesterol, HDL and ALP activities.  Results of bio-chemical studies of blood samples of Paracetamol treated animals showed significant increase in the levels of serum markers and decrease in HDL level reflecting the liver injury caused by Paracetamol. Whereas, the animals treated with ethanolic extract of AG showed significant dose dependent decrease in the elevated levels of serum markers and increase in HDL levels indicating the protection of hepatic cells.  Therefore these results concluded that, the ethanolic extract afford significant protection against Paracetamol induced hepatocellular injury and remarkable rejuvenation of these tissues found in histopathological studies which may be attributed due to polyphenols and antioxidant in it.

Keywords: Ethanolic extract of Amaranthus Gangeticus leaves and serum markers.

Title: Hepatoprotective activities of Amaranthus gangeticus leaves against paracetamol induced hepatic damage in albino rats

Author: G. Jyoti Jain, S. Ramachandra Setty

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd and Zn) were measured in the tissues of some selected fish species (Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus and Synodontis gambiense) from River Taraba at Bali, and also the condition factor of these fish species inhabiting the river was evaluated. The concentrations of these heavy metals in the fish sample was determine by Atomic Absorption Spectrophometry (AAS). The result show that among the five element analyzed only two were detected i.e. Cu and Zn, while Pb, Cr and Cd were below detection limit. The mean value of metal concentration of Cu and Zn in C. gariepinus, O. niloticus and S. gambiense is (0.092, 0.110 and 0.092 mgkg-1) and (0.223, 0.238 and 0.172 mgkg-1) respectively. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in tissues of the fish were different among species, this indicated that different species from the same area contained different levels of heavy metals in their tissues. The result also revealed that the concentration of metals among the species as compared with the international permissible limit were within the acceptable limit. The results of the ANOVA pointed that there is no significant difference in the concentration of heavy metals in fish flesh of the various fish species at (P-value < 0.05). It was also observed that the fish species recorded varying condition factors, some samples shows slight increases in K – value while others within the normal range. Most of the fish species sampled in this present study had condition factors ≥ 1, and were within the normal recommended ranges. It was also stated from previous study that condition factor greater or equal to one is good, indicating a good level of feeding, and proper environmental condition.

Keywords: Heavy Metals, River Taraba, Fish Species, Condition Factor.

Title: Determination of Some Heavy Metals Contamination Status in Some Selected Fish Species Collected from River Taraba at Bali

Author: Haruna Ibrahim, Nasiru Yahaya Ahmed, Abdulrahman Adamu

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: The research applications associated with technological advances in genome editing based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) - associated proteins (Cas 9) system have revolutionized a variety of biological fields. Since it could target any genomic locus of interest by the ease principle of designing guide RNA with high specificity, versatility, and efficiency to introduce DNA double-stranded breaks as molecular scissors in genome have led to exciting applications in biological investigations. Studies on genetic disorders have recently used CRISPR/Cas9 to identify, modulate and correct, or delete the disease-causing alleles in vivo in animal models, or in vitro in somatic cells or in induced pluripotent stem cells, and provided potential therapeutic strategies using CRISPR/Cas9-based system in many different fields in biology, biotechnology and medicine. In this review, we will summarize the molecular basis of genome editing technology, and discuss the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 system in areas ranging from the Cas9-based treatment for genetic disorders, promoting resistance to infectious disease, combating cancer through research and treatment, optimizing the food production by creating infection-resistant crops in agriculture, enhancing biofuel resources, developing stem cell therapy for donor-specific tissues for transplantation, and bioengineering of new generation of drug development processes and medical therapeutics. Moreover, we have presented an account on the recent ethical concerns raised with application of this technology in human germline editing and the future perspectives associated with the wise usage of this remarkable genome editing technology.

Keywords: CRISPR/ Cas9; Genome editing; Guide RNA; Cas endonucleases; DNA; biotechnology; Genetic engineering; Human diseases.

Title: CRISPR/Cas9: Genome Editing Applications, Ethical Concerns and Future Prospects

Author: Hu Yingcai, Swapna Boddu

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, enzymatic activity and optimum crude papain level incorporation in plant protein based diets for Nile tilapia. The crude papain extract (CPE) was collected from unripe paw paw fruits and enzymatic activity determined by tyrosine method. The CPE was used to assay In vitro relative protein digestibility (IVRPD) using pH drop method. A diet (Diet 1) was formulated to contain 300g/kg crude protein (CP) using fishmeal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) and sunflower meal (SFM). The FM was replaced (10% CP basis) with either SBM, CM, or SFM (Diet 2, 3, & 4, respectively). In a factorial design the four diets were treated with 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06% and 0.08% of CPE in triplicates and subjected to IVRPD. Crude papain extract and pure papain (standard) had protease activity of 1.9 u/mg and 1.55 u/mg at pH 7.5, respectively. Diet 1 had highest (P<0.05) digestibility (39.96%) and replacement of FM by SBM, CM and SFM reduced the digestibility to 35.84, 34.82 & 33.27%, respectively. Addition of CPE at 0.06% recorded the highest (P<0.05) IVRPD (39.16%). In conclusion, CPE can be used in plant protein based diets for Nile tilapia at 0.06%.

Keywords: Chemical composition, Crude papain, Enzymatic activity, In vitro protein digestibility, Nile tilapia, pH drop method.

Title: ENZYME ASSAY TO DETERMINE OPTIMUM CRUDE PAPAIN LEVEL ON PLANT PROTEIN DIETS FOR NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS)

Author: James G. Kirimi, Levi M. Musalia, Adiel Magana, Jonathan M. Munguti

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Ascholaris is a traditionally important medicinal plant. Herbal medicine has become an in-tegral part of standard healthcare, based on a combination of time-honored traditional us-age and ongoing scientific research. Herbal medicine contains natural substances that can promote health and reduce illness. This evergreen tree is native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian countries. The plant is used in traditional, ethnomedicinal, Ayurvedic types of alternative medicinal systems against different ailments such as asthma, malaria, fever, dysentery, diarrhea, epilepsy, skin diseases, snakebite etc. Among the phytochemicals, alkaloids are mostly reported. The present review attempt to detailed introduction of its pharmacological profile, ethanomedical use, chemical constituents, as a medicinal

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry.

Title: Ethnomedicine, Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Alstonia scholaris R.Br. (Apocynaceae): A review

Author: Madhukar B. Patil

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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Abstract: Food is pre-requisite for food security and it provides economic stability and self-reliance to a nation. Macro and micronutrient malnutrition is more prevalent in developing and underdeveloped countries because of food insecurity.  Food security is a major challenge that is encountered by many under developed, developing and developed nations of the world today. Several advanced preservation techniques have been developed for extending the shelf life of food commodities. Food irradiation is one such modern processing technology describing as a versatile, efficacious and safe process. In this direction the present study is an attempt to study the impact of radiation processing of formulated soya mix. The low dose levels 0.25 kGy and 0.75 kGy was used for radiation processing to retain the nutrient quality of the food and to maintain the safety and stability. The prepared and processed health mix was supplemented to weanling rats to compare the nutritional quality of irradiated and non-irradiated soya mix through animal experimentation. The ten days old Wister albino rats were selected for experiment, the feeding was given for 5 weeks. After the termination the liver weight, bone weight and length, bone calcification, liver and faecal nitrogen and hemoglobin % was estimated in albino rats. The liver nitrogen, faecal nitrogen and haemoglobin percentage was high in irradiated samples than the non- irradiated samples. The difference between the irradiated and non-irradiated samples was found to be significant @ 1% level.

Keywords: Food security, Soya mix, Food processing, Radiation processing.

Title: Impact of Irradiated Soya mix on Growth and Development of Weanling Albino rats

Author: Dr.B.Kalyani, Dr. Manjula K

International Journal of Life Sciences Research

ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online)

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