Vol 5 Issue 2 October 2017-March 2018

Abstract: Laws pertaining to social security exists to provide social benefits to both public and private sector employees through pension funds and other similar means. Benefits incurred to individual employees through such funds and its ablity to address social issues faced by employees post- retirement and in the course of employment, ought to be investigated into in order to identify the degree of protection law provides to such employees. A strong social security system is the reflection of a true democracy that strives to fullfill its obligation to its people by mandating individual contribution.

Keywords: Society, Security, Employees, Constitution.

Title: The Social Security System in Sri Lanka

Author: Dr. Ramona Perera

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: Companies need to develop business strategies in order to differentiate themselves from competitors in the perception of consumers such that it is easy for consumers to recognize the brand image of their products. Among the methods available is by performing sponsorship activities. Sponsorship in general is providing resources, which may be in the form of money, man power, and other instruments from the company or a person, with the intention to gain benefit from the sponsorship activity. In the promotion mix, sponsorship is categorized as a public relation, thus sponsorship has a benefit to further build the brand image of a product in the eye of the market in order to increase the purchase intention towards a product. The aim of this research is to explain the role of brand image in mediating the influence of sponsorship on purchase intention.

This research is conducted in Denpasar City. Primary data is used with a total amount of 100 respondents. The analysis technique used is the Path Analysis technique.

The research result shows that the variable of sponsorship has positive and significant influence on purchase intention. Sponsorship has a positive and significant influence on brand image. Brand image has a positive and significant influence on purchase intention. Brand image is able to significantly mediate the influence of sponsorship on purchase intention.

Keywords: Sponsorship, Brand Image, Purchase Intention.

Title: The Role of Brand Image in Mediating the Influence of Sponsorship on the Intention to Purchase

Author: I Gst Bgs A. Cahya Diatmika Eka Pratama, Ni Nyoman Kerti Yasa, Nyoman Nurcaya

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The importance of the rural banking in the economic development of a country cannot be overlooked. As Gandhiji said “real India lies in villages,” and village economy is the backbone of Indian economy. Without the development of the rural economy, the objectives of economic planning cannot be achieved. Hence, banks and other financial institutions are considered to be a vital role for the development of the rural economy in India. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in October 2, 1975 and are playing a pivotal role in the economic development of the rural India. The main goal of establishing Regional Rural Banks in India is to provide credit to the rural people who are not economically strong enough, especially the small and marginal farmers, artisans, agricultural laborers and even small entrepreneurs. The present study is a modest attempt to make an appraisal of the agriculture credit structure and the role played by RRBs in the development of rural economy. The objective of this paper is to analyze the agriculture credit and the role played by the Andhra Pragethi Grameena Bank in the agriculture and non-agriculture sector landings. The study is diagnostic and exploratory in nature and makes use of secondary data. The study finds and concludes that Andhra Pragethi Grameena Bank in India has significantly improved rural economy in Andrha Pradesh.

Keywords: Rural credit, agriculture and non-agriculture sectors, loans and advances, Reserve Bank.

Title: Agricultural Credit by Regional Rural Banks- An Empirical Study of Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank

Author: Dr. D. BALAMUNISWAMY

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The commitment and maximum utilization of an organization’s human resource among others accelerates the achievement of the organizations’ vision, goals, and values. The organization’s leadership plays a critical part in mobilising, motivating and focussing the employees to achieving its tasks. This study aimed at investigating how secondary school headteachers’ leadership styles affects teachers’ organizational commitment in Tororo Municipality. Using a cross-sectional survey, 178 teachers, were selected using stratified and simple random sampling, with 10 deputies, and 10 headteachers having been selected on account of the selection of their schools. The participants completed the Bass and Avolio (1997) Multifactor Leadership Scale and Allen and Meyer (1996) Organizational Commitment Scale, which considered leadership styles as comprising of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership. Using SPSS 20, descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation coefficients were computed. The results revealed that all the leadership styles had non-significant effect on overall organizational commitment, and its dimensions. However, laissez faire leadership style significantly specifically affected affective component of commitment (0.186**). On the other hand transformational leadership had a significant negative effect on, affective commitment (-0.145*). In conclusion, it was recommended that Headteachers, School Board, and Higher education officials foster transformational and transactional leadership styles to elicit high level of commitment among teachers.

Keywords: Leadership styles; Transactional leadership; Transformational leadership; Laissez-faire leadership; Teachers’ Organizational Commitment.

Title: Secondary School Headteachers’ Leadership Styles and Teachers’ Organizational Commitment in Tororo Municipality

Author: Richard Josel Obbo, David Kani Olema (PhD), Dennis Zami Atibuni (PhD)

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: In the literature, there is large evidence that Internet contributes a lot to service trade and productivity augmenting. The aim of the research is to establish the nature of the relationship between internet availability an internet usage and international service trade. To investigate above relationship, we employed the most recent World Bank Database on Portugal from 1991 to 2014 which reflects the period of internet availability. Our dependent variable is proxied with foreign direct investment as a measure of international service trade while internet users, GDP growth rate and population growth rate are used as explanatory variables. Our findings therefore show that internet usage has a positive and significant impact on international service trade over the time period.

Keywords: International service trade, Internet, Growth, Development, Portugal.

Title: INTERNATIONAL SERVICE TRADE: A CASE STUDY OF INTERNET CONTRIBUTION IN PORTUGAL

Author: Abimbola Olanrewaju Oni

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: This paper is a theoretical review of the concept of TMT diversity effect on organizational performance. There have been several policies that have been instituted to ensure that TMTs are heterogeneous. A good example is the rule that requires board of governors to have a third representation of women. Extant studies on TMT diversity and organizational performance have shown inconclusive results. The existing SHRM models on managing of diversity are still weak. From the empirical literature review, it is evident that there exists a black box between TMT diversity and organizational performance. These studies recommend the exploration of the black box in order to demystify the relationship. The study focuses on inclusion as a moderating variable of the relationship. In the theoretical review section, upper echelon theory, resource based view theory; social identity theory and optimal distinctive theory are critically reviewed. The upper echelon theory organizational outcomes are determined by the characteristics of TMT. The more diverse the team, the wider the perspective of the team on issues at hand which makes decision making better. This theory does not however explain how conflicts which are common with diverse teams can be overcome. The RBV explains TMT diversity which is seen as a strategic resource which is rare, heterogeneous, and valuable and takes time to create hence is non-imitable. The social identity theory explains people socialization processes. People identify themselves with other individuals of the same social group. The theory supports inclusion by stating that it is important to for the diverse team to be socially integrated to overcome conflict. This theory explains the theoretical gap identified in the upper echelon theory. The Optimal distinctive theory states that an individual has two opposing needs; need for belongingness and need for uniqueness. It shows that the benefits of diversity can only experienced when the unique individuals feel accepted into the group (inclusion). Nevertheless, this theory does not clearly outline how this inclusion can be achieved which is a theoretical gap. This review recommends the exploration of the black box in order to demystify the relationship. It further recommends the TMT diversity in terms of age, tenure, functional diversity and gender. Organizational performance should be measured using the balanced scorecard that gives a comprehensive measure compared to other performance indicators.

Keywords: Diversity of top Management team, Inclusion, Performance.

Title: Critical Review of Literature on Diversity in Top Management Team and Organizational Performance: A Research Agenda

Author: Jane Muthoni Kinuthia, Stephen Muathe

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: This paper examined the effect of financial performance on corporate social responsibility of banks in Nigeria. After analyzing the different studies in the literature, a sample size of 7 banks out of 15 being listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange with the total of 21 banks in Nigeria was used.  The study employed ex-post-facto research design, using a data of 6 years period, ranging from (2010-2015). The study used Multiple Regression Model as the technique of analysis using STATA software version 12. The study found that, two of the independent variables (i.e. ROA and ROCE) have significant positive effects on CSRD and the other (i.e. EPS) negative effect. In line with the findings of the study, the study concluded that financial performance plays a significant role on the CSRD in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that banks should determine their CSRD in proportion to return on asset and return on capital employed, which in the long-run will increase their profitability. Managers should make sure that this collective wealth is utilized in consistence with the principles of reasonable improvement that supports the idea of social responsibility.

Keywords: Financial performance, corporate social responsibility.

Title: Financial Performance and Corporate Social Responsibility of Some Selected Banks in Nigeria

Author: Bala Ado Kofar Mata, Abdulrazaq Suleiman Ibrahim

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: Online is a word that we are hearing every day. Each business is changing to online mode. Technological advancement is the key in internet based business. In early 2000’s, we started online based business in India. At that time online, based retailing was flourished in developed countries. New form of retailing was recognised as a big scale business in India after the emergence of e commerce companies. This online based retailer achieved billion profits within five years. This paradigm shifts in the Industry ignite the satellite sectors as well as economic uplift. Also created million jobs to people directly and in directly. In any business weather it’s an online or offline, the key factor of sales are advertisements. In this digital era, we are always influenced by digital advertisements through digital devices. Here researcher try to find the relationship between online digital advertisement and customer awareness and how it is influencing purchase decision making process.

Keywords: Digital Marketing, E Commerce, Buying Behaviour.

Title: A Study on the Influence of Digital Advertisements in the Purchase Decision Making of People in Bengaluru

Author: Mr. ANOOP T.S.

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The study focused on the influence of recruitment, selection and talent development on the performance of civil servants in Kenya with focus on the State Department for Labor. It specifically emphasized on recruitment, selection and talent development. This study was guided by the Human Capital theory; Resource based theory, Universalist theory and the Vroom’s Expectancy theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study was all staff of the state department for Labor in the Ministry of East African Community, Labor and Social Protection which has a total population of 461 staff. A smaller sample of 209 respondents was obtained using a Fisher formula. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. The study concluded that recruitment, selection and talent development have a positive and significant effect on the performance of civil servants in the department of state labor. The study recommends of state labor to put in place cohesive Recruitment and Selection process that defines means of attracting and retaining employees. Moreover, the study recommends the department of state labor to ensure there is an all-inclusive talent development policy.

Keywords: Recruitment, Selection, Talent Development, Performance, Civil Servants.

Title: Influence of Recruitment, Selection and Talent Development on the Performance of Civil Servants in Kenya

Author: Joseph M. Njue, Prof. Hazel Gachunga

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: This paper proposes a conceptual solution to the traditional home tutoring by providing website and mobile application platforms, named as Tutor4U. Tutor4U is an online matchmaking service aims to help ease both tutors and students in Malaysia to look for each other. While this service ease students or parents searching for the suitable tutors available nearby, this service also provide job opportunity for the current tutors available as well as for potential tutors. Conducting Literature Review and benchmarking against current world leading companies that provide home tutoring services by utilizing the nine blocks of Business Model Canvas (BMC) and Value Proposition Design Canvas (VPCs) framework, identify solution gaps, and establishing the Environmental Map that incorporates megatrends has been used as the methodology for this paper.

Keywords: e-commerce, online platform, matchmaking, home tutor, tuition, student, parent, BMC, VPC.

Title: Tutor4U – A Conceptual Solution to Enhance Knowledge, Improve Tutoring Skills, & Make Side Income in Malaysia

Author: Abdul Rahman Ahmad Dahlan, Zul Fikri Abu Bakar, Muhammad Al Fateh Jailani, Athif Nurnajwan Azhar

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The construction industry entails high levels of risk, but often this risk is not dealt with adequately, resulting in poor performance, which is reflected in frequent cost and time overruns, as well as poor quality of work. This may cause disputes which may lead to costly litigation and further time and cost overruns. Additionally, insurers traditionally avoid firms with high risk portfolios and subsequently will not offer insurance covers or may charge very high premiums to compensate for the increased risk. Previous studies have found an inconclusive relationship between adoption of risk management strategies and enhanced construction firm performance. As such, the general objective of this study was to determine how risk management strategies influenced performance of construction firms in selected counties in Kenya. The specific objectives were to determine the influence of resource risk management and litigation risk management strategies. The study also sought to assess the moderating role of government policy and regulation of the construction sector on the relationship between these risk management strategies and performance of the construction firms. Performance was measured as a function of cost variance, time variance and quality control. This study used an explanatory research design and the research philosophy was based on positivism. The population of the study was all construction firms carrying out construction and public works in selected counties in Kenya, registered by the Republic of Kenya as of July 2011 to June 2012, a total of 2,414 construction firms. The sample size was 97 respondents, and simple random sampling was used for identifying respondent firms in Nairobi County, Nakuru County and Machakos County. Data collection was done using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using a mixture of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The findings led to the conclusion that resource risk management strategy had a significant influence on firm performance, implying that any effect on firm performance was not solely due to chance. Litigation risk management strategy did not have a statistically significant effect, implying that any effect on firm performance was solely due to chance. Government policy and regulation of the construction sector had a statistically significant moderating effect on the relationship between risk management strategies and firm performance. The study recommended that, from a policy perspective, in order to further entrench risk management practices in the construction sector, construction firms in selected counties in Kenya need to increasingly engage in capacity building activities in risk management and construction project management in general. The government should also encourage activities that encourage proper risk management and risk sharing across the entire construction value chain. The beneficiaries of the findings of the research will include Government policy makers, construction firm management and business and academic research.

Keywords: Risk Management Strategies, Performance of Construction Firms, Resource Risk Management, Litigation Risk Management.

Title: Risk Management Strategies and Performance of Construction Firms in Selected Counties in Kenya

Author: Elijah Alfayos Ondara, Dr. Hannah Bula, Dr. Lucy Kamau

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The main objective of this study was to examine the influence of work environment strategy on the performance commercial banks in Garissa County, Kenya. Descriptive research design was used. The targeted respondents were 149 respondents comprising of 4 branch managers and 145 employees from the four Banks in Garissa County, Kenya from 4 commercial banks in Garissa County namely; Kenya Commercial Bank, Equity Bank, National Bank and Cooperative Bank. Stratified sampling method was used to sample the respondents from the 4 Banks. A census of 4 managers was done and 45 employees were sampled using simple random sampling method forming a sample size of 49 respondents. Managers were interviewed and questionnaires were used to collect data from the employees. The study revealed that work environment had a positive and significant effect in performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study concluded that work environment performs an essential role in motivating employees to carry out their assigned task and making a work environment wherein personnel are productive is essential to multiplied earnings for commercial banks. The study recommends that management of commercial banks in Kenya ought to attempt as a great deal as possible to build a work environment that attracts, preserve and encourage its employees so that it will help them work in a conducive environment and growth enterprise performance.

Keywords: Strategy, Work Environment, Performance, Employee strategy.

Title: Influence of Work Environment on the Performance Commercial Banks in Garissa County, Kenya

Author: Abdinoor Bashir, Dr. Hannah Bula

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) have played a vital role in the economy through the provision of savings and credit facilities to the medium and low income earners.  It is this important role that drove the researcher to want to find out the effect of liquidity management on the financial performance of SACCOs in Kenya. The target population of the study was Non Deposit Taking (NDTS) SACCOs in Mombasa County taken to be a representative of all NDTS SACCOs in Kenya.  The study adopted a survey design that is both descriptive and exploratory. Data was collected using questionnaires that were pegged on a Likert Scale. Content validity was determined by the use of a panel of Senior Staff members of four SACCOs, whose suggestions and recommendations were incorporate before distributing the questionnaire. Cronbach alpha was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. The data collected was processed and analyzed using statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) software Version 22. Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the relationship. The Liquidity management was found to have a positive and significant effect on financial performance of SACCOs. Coefficient (r) or beta as reflected on Table 4.14 and 4.15 rbo were 0.824 and(0.117 which means that liquidity management affected financial performance associated credit risk by 82.4% and financial performance associated with current asset management by 11.7%. They were significant with p values of 0.000, 0.045 respectively. The study concluded that SACCOs should encourage liquidity management as when the current assets are controlled there is an improvement in financial performance of SACCOs. The research recommended that a replica of this study to be done in other sectors. A similar one can be done on SACCOs but instead of using Likert scale the study to use both open ended and closed ended questionnaires to get more information form the respondents.

Keywords: Liquidity management, financial performance, SACCOs.

Title: Effects of Liquidity Management on the Financial Performance of SACCOs

Author: Lydia Wambui Kimemia, Prof. Gregory Namusonge, Prof Maurice M. Sakwa

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations

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Abstract: Online reviews have provided many benefits, one of which related the speed and ease that are offered to the consumer in finding a wide range of information related products or services without the limited time and space. This purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the argument quality and the sources credibility on eWOM credibility and online reviews adoption. The samples were 100 respondents from all over Denpasar taken with the purposive sampling method and Partial Least Square (PLS). The study found that argument quality (X1) and source credibility (X2) has a positive and significant effect on online reviews adoption (Y2). Furthermore, eWOM credibility (Y1) has a positive and significant effect on online reviews adoption (Y2). Finally, argument quality (X1) and source credibility (X2) has a positive and significant effect on eWOM credibility eWOM credibility (Y1).

Keywords: argument quality, source credibility, ELM, eWOM, eWOM credibility, online reviews adoption.

Title: The Effects of Argument Quality and Sources Credibility on Ewom Credibility and Online Reviews Adoption

Author: Ayu Larasati, Ni Nyoman Kerti Yasa

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: Collectively, the problem of unemployment has been a global issue, even among the developed nations, and especially the developing nations. Due to the global economic crisis, one consequence of this to the business domain has been the punitive reduction in the number of workforce and this in turn suggests the need for self-employment and the creation of new businesses. This would create a concrete industrial fabric to support the creation of employment and welfare. For this reason, the need for employment generation becomes desirably indispensable. The aim of this research work is to examine the essential roles that entrepreneurial traits and economic incentive factors would play with the mediation of entrepreneurial motivation for an effective self-employment start-up accomplishment. Thus, this is expected to bring a reduction in the poverty level, improved living standard as well as to earn more income and have a better career as a means of sustenance for potential entrepreneurs.  For this purpose, it is essentially important to make an examination of such vital factors, which may constitute the basics necessary to effect self-employment particularly from the context of entrepreneurial traits and economic incentive factors that would motivate the potential entrepreneurs to achieve success in self-employment start-up. The methodology used in this research was based on a positivist philosophy that entails a deductive approach with a quantitative technique through a cross-sectional survey. The data were collected with a questionnaire as an instrument for the survey. To attain the objectives of this research, the data of this study were analyzed using PLS-SEM Path Algorithms, Bootstrap path coefficients and Sobel test statistics.  The statistical significance of relevant path coefficients that are fundamental in measuring self-employment among potential entrepreneurs was assessed and evaluated.

Keywords: entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurial traits, economic incentive factors, potential entrepreneurs, self-employment.

Title: Antecedents of a New Business Start-Up among Potential Entrepreneurs: The Role of Entrepreneurial Motivation

Author: Muhammad Adamu, Mahani bint Mohammad Abdu Shakur

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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