Vol 6 Issue 2 October 2018-March 2019

Abstract: Liquidity risk is brought about by factors such as nature of the customer base and prevailing economic environment among others. The study sought to establish the effect of working capital on Liquidity risk management. It considered that though DT-SACCOs aimed at making profits and meeting needs of their members as they keep afloat by closely monitoring the working capital components which affect operations in the short run but can cause insolvency in the long run if not taken into consideration. The specific objective was to determine the effect of debtor’s payment period on liquidity risk management. An explanatory research design was adopted. The targeted population for the study constituted 40 DT-SACCOs in Nairobi County. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires while secondary data was collected from audited financial reports of DT-SACCOs. Reliability was determined using Cronbach alpha and validity of the instruments by content validity.  SPSS was used to analyze the data, descriptive statistics included percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics included Pearson correlation and linear regression at significance level of 0.05. study established that management of working capital components affects liquidity risk in DT-SACCOs. Debtor’s payment period had negative significant relationship with liquidity risk management. As the DT-SACCOs determine length of the conversion cycle between the payables and receivables it should be lengthy enough to ensure that the DT-SACCOs are able to meet their obligations when they arise. This signifies that debtors payment period has an impact on  liquidity risk management in the DT-SACCOs.

Keywords: Liquidity Risk Management, Debtors’ Payment Period, Working Capital, Deposit Taking SACCOs.

Title: The Effect of Working Capital on Liquidity Risk Management: A Case of Deposit Taking Savings and Credit Co-Operative Societies (DT-SACCOS) in Nairobi County- Kenya

Author: Masibili Rose Namikoye, Dr.Robert Odunga, Dr. Joel Chepkwony

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The study sought to determine critical factors influencing the financial performance of insurance companies in Kenya. The specific study objectives included: to evaluate the influence of the innovations strategies on financial performance of insurance companies in Kenya, to evaluate the influence of the leadership strategies on financial performance of insurance companies in Kenya, to assess the influence of insurance agent support strategies on the financial performance of insurance companies in Kenya and to investigate the influence of the human resource management strategies on financial performance of insurance companies in Kenya. The study followed descriptive research design and tested the hypothesis through deductive approach. The target populations were the 52 registered insurance companies in Kenya. Since the study targeted three respondents each from each insurance firm’s HR, marketing and Finance departments, the target respondents were 156. Purposive sampling was used as the sampling strategy in order to select appropriate respondents based on their knowledge of the subject under investigation. The data was analyzed using SPSS. The analysis used descriptive statistics such as mean, median, mode and skewness statistics as well as Pearson correlation matrix and regression analysis to obtain R and R-Squared together with other statistics such as coefficients and significant values. According to correlation results, the variables exhibit a moderately strong positive correlation with each other. According to the regression results, R was 0.829 while the R-Squared was 0.687 which indicate that the relationship is moderately strong and positive.  The significant values for the measures for: Innovation Strategies (0.00), Leadership Strategies (0.205), Agent Support Strategies (0.00), and Human Resource Strategies (0.00) show that all the analyzed factors have statistically significant effect on financial performance of the insurance firms in Kenya at 5 percent significant level apart from the leadership strategies whose significant value was 0.205 indicating that it did not significantly influence financial performance of the insurance firms. According to the model coefficients, all the coefficients have a positive effect on financial performance apart from the innovation strategies which had a negative coefficient. The study concludes that the innovation strategies adopted by insurance firms in Kenya have a negative statistically significant effect on financial performance at 5 percent level of significant. Further, the study concludes that the adopted leadership strategies have a positive statistically insignificant effect on financial performance of firms. On the other hand, the study concludes that agent support strategies and human resource strategies implemented by the insurance companies in Kenya, individually, have a positive statistically significant influence on financial performance of the firms. The study recommends that insurance firms in Kenya should aim to build strong customer relationships and trust with customers rather than just investing in new products and innovation. Also, the study recommends that the firms should embrace transformational and democratic leadership strategies coupled with spirited insurance agent support strategies because the agents have close contact with customers and can provide support and provide relevant information to grow the organization. In addition, insurance firms should adopt effective human resource management strategies such as adequate and relevant training and development of personnel, attractive remunerations, provision of career growth opportunities and promoting employee voice in the organization can help to enhance insurance firm performance.  To the regulator of the insurance industry, the study recommends that they should support the sector adequately and help them to improve their leaderships and management practices for a healthy insurance sector. Future studies can be conducted through the use of mixed methods whereby interviews are used to obtain more depth to support the quantitative survey methods results.  

Keywords: Innovation, Insurance agent support, Leadership, Organizational financial performance, Human resource management, Insurance Operation.

Title: CRITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN KENYA

Author: SESSAROD MUGAMBI, Dr. Mwanzia Mary

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The general objective of the study was to investigate influence of competitive strategies and performance of privately owned meat processing companies in Nairobi through a survey of the Alpha fine foods. The study explored the influence of cost leadership strategy and performance of privately owned meat companies in Nairobi; assess influence of Time based distribution strategy and performance of privately owned meat companies in Nairobi; determine the influence of differentiation strategy and performance of privately owned meat companies in Nairobi; establish the impact of Focus differentiation strategy on performance of privately owned meat companies in Nairobi. The firm performance was measured using annual sales and return on asset. The instrument for data collection used in the study was questionnaires. This study used descriptive survey approach. Data was analyzed using inferential statistics, regression analysis and ANOVA. SPSS version 22 was used to code and run the data. The study results also indicated that cost leadership strategy, Time based distribution strategy, differentiation strategy, Focus differentiation strategy had significant effect on performance of privately owned meat companies in Nairobi. Based on the study findings, the study concludes that performance of privately owned meat companies in Nairobi can be improved by Cost Leadership Strategy, Time based distribution strategy, Differentiation strategy and Focus differentiation strategy strategies. First, in regard to Cost Leadership Strategy, the regression coefficients of the study show that it has a significant influence on performance of privately owned meat companies in Nairobi. The study therefore recommends that management of Alpha fine Foods or any other organisation that seek to enhance their firm performance should ensure that their costs of production are below the industry average. Based on these findings, the study recommends that firms that seek to enhance their performance must ensure timely delivery of their products to the market. Therefore the firm management through the marketing department should ensure they adopt mass distribution of products when the market is available this will ensure that their products are always available and customers van rely on them. The study further recommends that firms should assess their value chains and compare with the value chains of other players in the markets which will help them design a differentiation strategy not being implemented by competitors and which enhance customers’ satisfaction and product quality.

Keywords: Competitive Strategy, Organizational Performance, Cost Leadership, Products Quality, Differentiation Strategy, Focus Differentiation Strategy.   

Title: INFLUENCE OF COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES ON PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATELY OWNED MEAT PROCESSING COMPANIES IN NAIROBI

Author: GAUDENCIA M.A LIAMBILA, Dr. MARY MWANZIA

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: This research paper examined the effect of leverage on stock returns. All manufacturing and allied firms listed at the NSE as at 2015 were considered for this research. Kenya has a huge manufacturing sector that serves both the local market and exports mostly to the East African region. A number of NSE listed companies in Kenya, including those in the manufacturing and allied sector such as Mumias Sugar Limited have  over  the  last  few  years  been  struggling to  remain  in business despite  having  taken  up huge  debts  from  financial  institutions.  As a result, shareholders including the government have tried to intervene by injecting new capital from time to time in a bid to boost their productivity and financial performance and prolong their going concern. Some firms have persistently shown  worsening  trends  of  their  annual  losses  when  huge  capital  is  invested  from  external sources. These challenges have incidentally led to loss of investors’ wealth and confidence in the stock market. Investment managers thus need to protect interests of the stakeholders by ensuring optimum levels of leverage are maintained. This study thus seeks to satisfy the following general research objective: Examine the effect of leverage on Stock return. It narrowed down  further to analyze the impact of financial leverage on stock returns; examine how operating leverage affects stock returns; how composite leverage affects stock return at both firm and industry level. This study used secondary data collected from the Nairobi Securities Exchange and published financial statements of the listed firms for the period (2011-2015). Multiple regression methods was used to model the relationship between the two variables. The study established a significant relationship between leverage and stock return. Financial Leverage had positive effect, Operating Leverage had positive effect, and Composite leverage had negative effect.

Title: EFFECT OF LEVERAGE ON STOCK RETURNS AT NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE: CASE OF MANUFACTURING AND ALLIED FIRMS

Author: ALEXANDER MUTUKU MUMINA, DR. TOBIAS OLWENY, MR. GORDON OPUODHO

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: This work investigated the impact of liquidity management on the profitability of banks, through the analysis of a range of research and studies related around the world. the results were varied, where were some result of them positive and the other was negative. The study, therefore, recommends that banks should engage competent and qualified personnel in order to ensure that right decision are adopted especially with the optimal level of liquidity and still maximize profit.

Keywords: liquidity, liquidity management, theories of liquidity management, profitability, theories of profitability, the impact of liquidity management on profitability.

Title: The Impact of Liquidity Management on Profitability

Author: TAREK ABDELHAFID A. ELSHARIF

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The successful execution of a strategy is the key survival asset of the organization. Many organizations find it difficult to maintain their competitive advantages, in spite of the existing process of drafting a strong strategy, due to the lack of achievement in the strategy implementation stage. Further, many organizations find strategy implementation as something difficult to understand or implement. This is evidenced by the unsatisfying low success rate (only 10 to 30 percent) of intended strategies. Thus, when the strategic plan is not implemented successfully, a gap is created which makes it difficult to achieve success.  This study therefore aimed to determine the effect of internal factors on strategy implementation in parastatals in Kenya. It focused on four internal factors of leadership, organization structure, culture of the organization and policies & procedures. Leadership plays a key role in Implementing corporate strategy. It is important for the entire organization to understand the role of leadership in strategic implementation so as to make delegating responsibility more effective. Organizations structure is also another key factor in strategy implementation, as strategy follows structure and the structure supports strategy.  There is need to have a sound and firm structure in place to support the implementation of strategies that have been formulated. Organizational culture incorporates the common convictions, values and qualities inside an organization. It sets the establishment for strategy. For a strategy inside an organization to be created and be actualized effectively, it should completely be in line with the organizational culture. Policy refers to specific measurements guidelines, methods, procedures, rules, forms, and administrative practices established to support and encourage work towards stated goals.  Most companies use these specific measurements to keep track of their goals and objectives. The study adopted a descriptive research design as it is more investigative and focuses on a particular variable factor. The target population of the study was 147 parastatals in Kenya with the case study of the Higher Education Loans Board.  The study used primary data which was collected using a self-administered questionnaire.  The reliability of the research instrument was estimated using Cochran’s Alpha sample size formula of at least 0.0025 at 95% significance level was accepted.  The study data was analyzed through using both descriptive and inferential statistics using the statistical package for social sciences based on the questionnaires (SPSS V23).  From the findings, there was a strong positive correlation between leadership style and strategy implementation at HELB as shown by a correlation coefficient of 0.812 and a p-value of 0.000. In addition, there is a strong positive and significant association between policies and procedures and strategy implementation as shown by a correlation coefficient of 0.621 and a p-value of 0.000. Further, there is a strong positive and significant correlation between organization culture and strategy implementation at HELB. This is shown by a correlation coefficient of 0.680 and a p-value of 0.000. Lastly, the findings infer that there is a strong positive association between organization structure and strategy implementation as shown by a correlation coefficient of 0.647 and a p-value of 0.000. The study recommends that organizations need to invest considerable amounts of resources in implementing measures that reflect all dimensions of their strategy implementation. They must be very vigilant on such internal organizational factors to be in tandem with successful strategy implementation.

Keywords: Corporate Strategy, Internal appraisal, Internal organizational factors, Strategic Fit, Strategy implementation, Strategic leadership, Strategic management practices.

Title: EFFECTS OF INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS ON STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION IN KENYAN PARASTATALS: A CASE STUDY OF HIGHER EDUCATION LOANS BOARD

Author: Naomi Mwangi Gathoni, Dr. Jared Deya

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: Creativity and innovation in any organization are vital to its successful performance. The authors review the rapidly growing body of research in this area with attention to the period 2002 to 2013, inclusive. Conceiving of both creativity and innovation as being integral parts of essentially the same process, we propose a new, integrative definition. We note that research into creativity has typically examined the stage of idea generation, whereas innovation studies have commonly also included the latter phase of idea implementation. The authors dis-cuss several seminal theories of creativity and innovation and then apply a comprehensive levels of analysis framework to review extant research into individual, team, organizational, and multilevel innovation. Key measurement characteristics of the reviewed studies are then noted. In conclusion, we propose a guiding framework for future research comprising 11 major themes and 60 specific questions for future studies.

Keywords: innovation, innovation management, creativity.

Title: INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEGOTIATION DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

Author: Ajaykrishnan Selucca

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: In the recent past, Kenya has experienced challenges in efficient utilisation and management of public funds in State Corporations. In the after math of scandals in state corporations and global financial crisis, significant attention from regulators and the public has been received concerning corporate governance. The focus on increasing disclosure requirements by regulators has in turn driven increased awareness and demand for internal assurance on processes including internal control system. Internal controls play an important role in every organisation since it assist in realization of effective utilisation of financial resources. The main objective of the study was to establish the effect of internal controls on utilisation of financial resources by state corporations that have operations in Nakuru County, Kenya. Specifically the study was guided by the following objectives; to determine the relationship between internal controls environment, internal audit function, internal control activities, corporate governance and utilisation of financial resources. The study adopted descriptive research design using both qualitative and quantitative approach. The target population was 52 head of internal audit and chief accountant of the 26 state corporations in Nakuru County. The study relied on primary data. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data collected was processed with the aid of SPSS software. Both inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse data and to test whether control environment, internal audit function, control activity and corporate governance have any influence on utilisation of financial resources. The findings revealed that most State Corporations in Nakuru had internal controls that greatly impacts on the utilisation of financial resources. It was found that internal controls had a significant relationship with utilisation of financial resources. Based on research findings, it can be concluded that internal control system is a positive significant predictor of utilisation of financial resources. The findings of the study suggested that internal control systems especially internal audit function, internal control environment, internal  control activity and corporate governance are significant areas that management of State Corporations should give great attention to in order to improve utilisation  of financial  resources. The study further recommends that management of State Corporations should exert collective efforts in identifying the ideal mix of effective and efficient internal control systems that matches their operation needs and invest in them and also a governing body should ensure that the internal control system is periodically monitored and evaluated.

Keywords: Internal Controls, Internal Audit Function, Control Activities, Control Environment, Control Activities, Corporate Governance, Utilisation of Financial Resources and State Corporations.

Title: INTERNAL CONTROLS AND UTILISATION OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES BY STATE CORPORATIONS IN NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA

Author: Ann Warimu Mbugua, Joseph M. Theuri

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: Adopting IT projects is one factor which increases the effectiveness and efficiency in an organization. However, implementing information systems projects affects the organisation to a great degree and be a major change for an organization’s processes; for instance, it requires employees to change. Many companies have found that implementing such changes is the most difficult part of information systems implementation. In addition, information system projects can affect individuals, groups, and a whole organisation when the project was introduced into that organization. This system created both a positive and negative impact on these levels. The negative effect of information systems occurs when the system fails. This failure can be analysed on the technical, project, organizational and environmental level. Hence a good strategy is significantly concerned with avoiding the failure of the system and achieving a successful system. The study aimed to investigate the factors to effective implementation of information technology projects in fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs) enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was guided by four specific objectives: to establish the effect of project planning, project definition, project team factors and stakeholder engagement on effective implementation of IT projects in the FMCG sector. This research was grounded on the attribution, stakeholder, project management, and Tuckman theories. The study uses the descriptive research design. The target population for this study was FMCGs enterprises in Nairobi County. Purposive sampling strategy was used to select the FMCG sector. The target population was 106 IT projects. Census sampling procedure was

Used to derive a sample size of 106 IT project managers. The research instruments were validated by use of a pilot study, which was assessed by the project managers. Data collected was analyzed by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Computer Package version 23 to assess the factors affecting effective implementation of information technology projects. The objective was to find out how the independent variables affected effective implementation of information technology projects in Nairobi County. This research therefore aimed at assessing the various factors affecting effective implementation of Information technology projects in FMCGs with the aim of improving their performance. The collected data was analyzed and presented in tabular form, graphs and charts for simple understanding of the findings and descriptive analysis were incorporated.

Title: CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROJECTS IN FAST-MOVING CONSUMER GOODS ENTERPRISES IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

Author: FAITH WANGU MUCHIRI, DR. PARTICK KARANJA NGUGI

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The purpose of the research study was to determine factors affecting implementation of Access of Government Procurement Opportunity (AGPO) as a Preferential Procurement Policy. The study objectives were to determine how legal framework, to establish how organizational obstacles, to examine how awareness affect the implementation of AGPO and to determine the extent of the implementation of AGPO as a preferential procurement policy. The research design adopted in this study was a descriptive case study with a target population of 570 staff and suppliers in ICT Authority (ICTA). Stratified random sampling technique was used to determine sample size of 235 and study managed to get 215 respondents. The information for the primary data was obtained using the questionnaires that were distributed to the target population whereas secondary data was retrieved from existing reports of ICTA were used for analysis. The questionnaire was pilot tested to improve the instrument. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Was used to analyze the data which was presented using tables, frequencies and percentages.  Descriptive and inferential statistics were analysed using simple regression analysis to get Pearson’s coefficient correlations. The research findings indicated that that legal framework is important in implementation of access procurement openings for youth, women, and PWDs in Kenya. This can be done by setting aside 30% of procurement budget, advertising, reporting contract awards and reporting all procurement. The study recommended the results to the relevant stakeholders such as policy makers in the government and public entities, researchers. Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA) and the ICT Authority (ICTA). The study concluded by proposing more solutions to the research problems. The study will be significant to the Academicians and scholars who will be interested in carrying further research.

Title: FACTORS AFFECTING IMPLEMENTATION OF ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT OPPORTUNITIES AS A PREFERENTIAL PROCUREMENT POLICY IN KENYA (A CASE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AUTHORITY)

Author: DAVID ODHIAMBO, DR. ANAYA W.  SENELWA

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The study takes a holistic view on structure and performance of Nigerian Agricultural market and how it can help to reposition Agriculture in Nigeria. Through a review of some studies, Okutue (2012) using Gini coefficient, correlation coefficient, marketing margin indicated a relatively competitive market with Gini coefficient of 0.20 to 0.34, this was supported by Omjola (2010) and Savile (2002). Enibe (2008) showed that there is low price correlation between pairs of markets indicating that the markets are weakly spatially integrated with < 0.50 correlation. Balogun (2003), Kingsley and Akpan (2010) and Okutue (2012) listed seller type, age, marketing experience, educational level, inadequate infrastructure and capital, transportation amongst others to affect marketing of  Agricultural produce in Nigeria. Despite the poor performance of agricultural marketing though profitable, there are prospects for improvement in the performance in the nearest future, based on unexpanded markets, attractive government inceptions, improved infrastructure, and market information, accessible roads to mention but a few. Therefore, it was concluded that agricultural markets in Nigerian must put their arts together and overcome these issues in order to exploit the market opportunities that will take our agriculture to the next level. 

Keywords: Agriculture, Market Structure, Market Performance, Nigeria.

Title: Repositioning Nigeria Agriculture through Marketing Structure and Performance

Author: P.O. Idisi., I.J Ogwu., N.J Okutue.

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: Board diversity is very important to the creation of new ideas and knowledge necessary to enhance firm performance. As such many companies have taken measures to diversify their boards by having best mix of culture, professional skills, among other characteristics in order to build their capacity and to make them effective. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the effect of board diversity effectiveness on financial performance of firm listed at NSE, Kenya. The study was conducted using explanatory research design. All the non-financial firms listed at NSE with full data for the period between 2012 and 2017 were selected purposively. This procedure resulted into the selection of 33 out of 40 firms. Secondary data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as means, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation. Regression analysis was used to establish the effect of board diversity on firm performance. The study revealed that there exist a strong positive and significant correlation between board diversity and firm performance that is increase in diversity resulted in higher sales turnover. The study also established a statistically significant effect of board diversity on firm performance. This implied that board diversity not only influences firm performance but also brought on board various skills, experience and deeper insight into the firms operations owing to their background and recommends that shareholders of listed companies in Kenya shoulder consider board skills, nationality, and tenure among other attributes when appointing board member. Moreover, the findings of this study forms a basis for future research in this area by interested researchers.

Keywords: companies, professional skills, shareholders, nationality, firm performance.

Title: EFFECT OF BOARD NATIONALITY, SKILLS AND TENURE ON PERFORMANCE OF NON-FINANCIAL FIRMS LISTED AT NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE, KENYA

Author: Mr. Musina O. Nobert, Mr. Nyongesa S. Andrew, Dr. Miroga. J

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: This study set out to establish the determinants of financial sustainability of community based organizations in Kenya with a specific focus on community based organizations in Kibera Slum, Kibra Constituency. The study used a descriptive research design. The units of analysis were the 72 community based organizations in Kibera Slums. The study utilized purposive sampling technique to select 2 respondents from each of the community-based organizations in Kibera. As such the units of observation were 144. The study utilized Slovin’s Formula of sampling where 106 respondents were selected. The study collected primary data using a questionnaire. Prior to the actual study, a pilot study was conducted on among 15 respondents purposively chosen from the staff working in other CBOs in Nairobi County. To ensure that the questionnaire was valid, input of experts who included the supervisor and other scholars was sought. Internal consistency method will be tested using Cronbach’s Alpha. Data collected was analyzed using mean, frequency, percentages and standard deviation. The findings were presented using tables and charts. In order to estimate the rates of change in the dependent variable as a result of a unit change in each explanatory variable, the study carried out a multiple linear regression analysis. The study established that most of the CBOs in the area are relatively sustainable financially while a significant number are less sustainable and struggling financially. The study found that financial skills, budgetary control, diversified sources of income, better management of donors affected sustainability of CBOs in Kibera slums to a great extent. The study concludes that financial skills are paramount in financial sustainability and current, accurate and relevant financial data ensures sound decision-making. The study thus recommends that the CBOs need to put more emphasis on engaging competent employees in financial controls, internal controls, financial planning/budgeting, financial reporting and financial tracking. The study recommends that there is need to develop a clear policy on budget control processes in the CBOs. There is need to diversify the income generating sources of CBOs for their financial sustainability. The management of CBOs ought to make sure that they sustain a good relationship with stakeholders providing financial support especially through better information management, high level of accountability and strong communication.

Keywords: Financial Sustainability, Community Based organizations, financial skills and income diversification. 

Title: Determinants of Financial Sustainability of Community Based Organizations in Kenya: A Case of Community Based Organizations in Kibera Slum in Kibra Constituency

Author: Anne Wangari Maina, Dr. George Ochiri

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the operational risk management in the case of Omani banking industry. It is noted that the higher the banks’ average gross banking income, the greater the capital requirement for operational risk. Among Omani banks, the researcher will aim both conventional banks as well as Islamic banking practices in Oman. This is the result of the nature and volume of the activity of each bank. This approach uses annual reports which have the advantage of being available through the Muscat Securities Market. The results are immediate, but the amount of required capital remains substantial and risk exposure measurement is always rough, and not accurate. It is therefore necessary for Omani banks to opt for a more advanced and accurate approach, which allows for estimating capital requirement and building internal models that guarantee a greater sensitivity to real risk.

Keywords: Omani Banking Industry, Operational Risk Management.

Title: Operational Risk Management of Omani Banking Industry

Author: Dr. Salman Nusrat Zaidi, Ms. Sujata Venkatachari

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstarct: Welfare economics is concerned with the evaluation of alternative economic situations from the point of view of the society’s well-being (welfare). However, ability to measure the welfare of the society remains a greater challenge to economists. Therefore, amongst several attempts made by economists to construct tool for measuring social welfare is Kaldor-Hicks criterion. A Kaldor–Hicks criterion, named after the originators, Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks, is a tool of measurement of economic re-allocation of resources among people that captures some of the intuitive appeal of a Pareto effeciency, but has less stringent criteria and is hence applicable to more circumstances.  It claims that in certain circumstances, it is possible to change available rules for obtaining more economic benefit and efficiency, while this change may create loss to some specific groups. Kaldor-Hicks criterion is used as a tool for decision making. In this regard, Kaldor-Hicks criterion is observed as basis for making some social-economic decisions. However, applying this criterion has other consequences as well that attracts critical attention. Therefore, this article attempts to evaluate these critiques with respect to its assumptions and convenience of its application to social-economic issues by the decision makers.

Keywords: Kaldor-Hicks compensation criterion, social welfare, possibility curve.

Title: KALDOR-HICKS COMPENSATION CRITERION: A MEASURE OF SOCIAL WELFARE

Author: P.O Idisi, I. J Ogwu, M. N. Zorto

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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