Vol 6 Issue 2 October 2018-March 2019

Abstract: The paper reviewed approaches to the measure of social welfare. Secondary data was used to review the various measure of social welfare with emphasis on cardinalist approach. From the review it was found that the approach had some obvious flaws such as the assumption of constant marginal utility of money concept defies the current reality since utility of money changes as the value of the money changes and the rather rapidly sometimes. The paper also posits that social welfare analysis can be applied in Policy Evaluation and Social Cost of Living among others.

Keywords: cardinalist approach, social welfare, utility.

Title: CARDINALIST APPROACH AS A MEASURE OF SOCIAL WELFARE

Author: P.O. IDISI, I.J OGWU, L. A. UKPOJU

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: The study entitled “Level of Awareness and Acceptance of Fathers in Vasectomy at Tamontaka Mother Barangay, Cotabato City” evaluated the relationship of the demographic profile of the respondents in the awareness and acceptance on vasectomy. The study utilized the descriptive –correlational design using a researcher - made survey questionnaire in data gathering. It was conducted to the purposively selected 100 fathers in Tamontaka Mother Barangay in Cotabato City. The study made use of percentage, mean and Pearson r Correlation in the analysis and interpretation of data. The major findings of the study revealedmany of the fathers  are between ages 31 – 36 years old with a mean age of 33 years old and mostly of them are Maguindanaons, have attained high school level of education and Islam in religion. The respondents are moderately aware and had moderately accepted the vasectomy procedure. They moderately accepted both in terms of physical health and social aspect the vasectomy procedure. There is a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of tribe, educational attainment and religion with the level of awareness and acceptance of the fathers in vasectomy. However, there is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age and the level of awareness and acceptance of the fathers in vasectomy. The study recommended for intensification of information dissemination to increase awareness and acceptance of the public towards vasectomy procedure.

Keywords: Vasectomy, Maguindanaon, Islam, Acceptance, Cotabato City.

Title: LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND ACCEPTANCE OF FATHERS IN VASECTOMY AT TAMONTAKA MOTHER BARANGAY, COTABATO CITY

Author: Jayhonie D. Mua, Jeffrey T. Canetillo, Bro. Jose Arnold L. Alferez

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstracts: This is reviewed study on preference and revealed preference: evidence from consumers’ household behavior approach with objective to study consumers in choice of commodities for satisfaction and the consumers’ behavior in the market situation base on his budget constraints. It showed some assumption about preference and revealed preference, the use of indifference curve to depict difference kind of preference and behaviors of preference in relation to indifference curve. It also explained the marginal rate of substitution in terms of preference, substitution effect under revealed preference and it has proved from revealed preference theory that the substitution effect is negative. The illustrative use of reveal preference in market structures, and the study concluded on the consumers household behaviors on preferences and revealed preferences as ordinal introspective household behaviors’ on consumption of commodities and as an alternative on ordinal consumers behaviors in the markets subjects to budgets constraints. 

Keywords: preferences, revealed preferences, household and utility.

Title: PREFERENCES AND REVEALED PREFERENCES: EVIDENCE FROM CONSUMERS HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIOUR APPROACHES

Author: Idisi, P. O., Gamba, V.

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: Assets are items of value which can be converted to cash. They fall into various classes: property, investment or personal assets. In order to get value, assets are bought and sold in a market known as asset market. Whatever the class of asset, they are affected by uncertainties and these uncertainties translate to risks. Asset valuation drops as economic uncertainty rises. It will seem that much of the variation in asset prices can be attributed to fluctuations in economic uncertainty and expected cash flow growth both of which are important for interpreting asset markets. 

Keywords: Risk, uncertainty, assets, asset markets, investment.

Title: ASSET MARKETS - UNCERTAINTY, RISKY ASSET

Author: Idisi P.O, Ogwu I. J., Anekwe C. E

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Abstract: Quality management should complement modern project management as they both recognize the importance of customer satisfaction, prevention over inspection, management responsibility and processes within phases. The general objective of this study was to assess the effect of quality management on sustainability of construction projects in Rwanda. Its specific objectives were to analyse the effect of legal framework on sustainability of public building construction projects in Rwanda; to assess the effect of conformity assessment, building codes and standards on sustainability of building construction projects in Rwanda and to examine the effect of project management methodologies on sustainability of construction projects in Rwanda. Descriptive-comparative survey design was used. The population of this study equalled to 100 selected first category public buildings located in Kigali city. The researcher used a census as the study population was quiet small in numbers. Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data. The researcher concluded a weak significant relationship between the legal framework and sustainability of building construction projects. If the researcher considers the level of significance which is 0.05, there is therefore a weak relationship between them because their p-value (0.113) is statistically differently significant at 5% level of significance. The researcher concluded a different significant relationship between the building codes and standard and building and sustainability of building construction projects. If the researcher considers the level of significance which is 0.05, there is therefore a weak relationship between them because their p-value (0.057) is statistically differently significant at 5% level of significance. The researcher further concluded a weak relationship between the project management methodologies and sustainability of public building construction projects. If the researcher considers the level of significance which is 0.05, there is therefore a weak relationship between them because their p-value (0.038) is statistically significant at 5% level of significance. The researcher recommend that the project managers and engineers of public building construction to respect and comply with the set standards for first category public buildings as the study findings revealed that they have weaknesses in respecting the set standards. They should also adopt appropriate methodologies for quality control and testing in order to comply with the quality requirements for the first category public building. The owners, managers and engineers of public building construction projects should use materials that are certified by International Organization for Standardization so as to ensure the sustainability of public building construction projects. Lastly but not least the managers of public building construction projects are advised to apply  project management methodologies by initiating a project before its implementation, elaborating a clear project plan, execute the project after its plan has been put in place and agreed upon by both clients and contractors, frequently and regularly monitor the project activities to ensure that activities are being implemented as planned, conducting formative and summative evaluations and officially handing over the completed buildings in order to ensure their sustainability.

Keywords: Quality, Quality Management, Project Sustainability, Project management.

Title: EFFECT OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON SUSTAINABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN RWANDA: A SURVEY OF SELECTED ONE HUNDRED FIRST CATEGORY PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN CITY OF KIGALI

Author: Mporanzi Samuel, Dr. Patrick Mulyungi

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the factors influencing performance of monitoring and evaluation systems of National Employment Programme. The current study targeted planning and Monitoring and Evaluation staff from NEP central implementing institutions and the staff from business development and employment unit at district level who are in charge of coordination, monitoring and evaluation of NEP interventions at decentralized levels. The sample used in this study was selected using non probability sampling that is purposive sampling where the sample to be used in the current study was exclusively composed of planning, monitoring and evaluation staff from NEP central implementing institutions and the staff from Business Development and Employment Unit at district. Primary data were collected through the administration of written questionnaires to 215 staff (planning, monitoring and evaluation staff NEP central implementing institutions and staff from BDE unit at district level). The respondents were given oral instructions and then handed the questionnaire to fill. Correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze data. The relationship between different independent variables was measured using Pearson correlation coefficient. In addition, the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable was examined using multiple regression analysis technique. The results of the study confirmed that there is a significant and positive relationship between Monitoring and evaluation structure and the performance of monitoring and evaluation systems under National Employment programme. From the findings of the study, it was evident that there is a strong and positive relationship between data quality and the performance of monitoring and evaluation systems. This suggests the need for ensuring data quality for M&E systems to perform to the expectations of the users. There is significant positive relationship between human capacity and the performance of monitoring and evaluation systems under National Employment Programme. The results of the study confirmed a significant positive relationship between Monitoring an evaluation methods and the performance of Monitoring and Evaluation System. There is a significant and positive relationship between the availability of resources and the performance of monitoring and evaluation systems under National Employment Programme. The results suggest the need to increase both financial and human resources invested in the operationalization of M&E systems under National Employment program to ensure the efficient and effectiveness in the implementation of the programme. The result also suggest the need for continued investment in capacity building of monitoring and evaluation staff and the establishment of strong and experienced  Monitoring and Evaluation unit.

Keywords: Factors influencing Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation, National Employment Programme.

Title: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMS: A CASE STUDY OF NATIOANAL EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMME

Author: Abdou Musnera, Dr. Patrick Mulyungi

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: Firms find it difficult to accurately estimate reversal rate of products due to consumer characteristics, regulations and market dynamics.  Reverse logistics cannot be avoided since products at the end of a supply chain always have a chance to flow backward due to products recalls and warranties. This is bound to reconfigure the supply chain as on one hand, firms may try to avoid overstocking and overproducing as this may lead to higher recall rates if the market fails to absorb the products. On the other hand, the suppliers need to be maintained by the firm either by contract or through mutual understanding As such; most have not reconfigured their supply chains to accommodate reverse flow of goods. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to establish the influence of product reversal rates of supply chain performance of Agro-based processing industries in Nakuru County. The study adopted descriptive cross sectional survey and targeted 26 agro-based firms in Nakuru County from which a sample of 84 respondents comprising the overall managements, logistics managers, sales managers, stores managers and accounts managers was derived using simple random sampling. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The findings revealed that product reversal rates significantly influenced to the supply chain performance of agro-based processing industries in the area Further, it was established that product end-of-life management practices as carried out in the agro-based processing industries in the area did not significantly influence the supply chain performance of agro-based processing industries. Finally, the findings revealed that product reversal contingencies were significant to supply chain performance of agro-based processing industries in the area.

Keywords: Financial capacity, Preferential Public Procurement opportunities and youth groups.

Title: INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT END OF LIFE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE OF AGRO-BASED PROCESSING INDUSTRIES IN NAKURU COUNTY

Author: Redempta Ndinda Mawia, Elton Kipkorir Langat

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: In principle there is a relationship between consumer demand for rice and the price of rice. The paper examines the relationship between Marshallian demand for rice and attempt to plot a graph of same to ascertain the relevance of Marshallian demand assumption on the rice subsector in Nigeria. The study was conducted in Nigeria; secondary data was used for the study. The data set was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. From the findings of the study there has been an upward trend in the demand of rice within the year under review (2011- 2017) which may be attributed to increasing population and favorable government policy. Also, the rice subsector from the study did not completely obey the Marshallian demand assumption within the year under review, money income was assumed constant, and the increase in price of rice did not decrease the demand for rice the demand further increased. The study suggest that this may be because rice is one of the basic necessities of life just like wheat and medicine the study also suggest that it may be due to the increase in inflation rate.

Keywords: Marshallian Demand, Rice, Price.

Title: Marshallian Uncompensated Demand: A Review of the Demand for Rice in Nigeria

Author: Professor P.O Idisi, G. O Akpeji, Dr. (Mrs) I.J Ogwu, P.O Daniel

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: The purpose of the study was to establish the Influence of green manufacturing practices on organization performance of multinational tea processing companies in Kericho, Kenya. The study has reviewed literature related to the study as well as Value Chain Model, RBV, System theory and Stakeholder’s theory. The study adopted descriptive survey research design whose target population consisted of 62 procurement officers, senior procurement officers and factory unit managers and their assistants from Uniliver tea, James Finlay and Williamson tea Kenya Limited firms in Kericho County. Closed ended questionnaires were used to collect relevant data and whereby the instruments used seven questionnaires for pilot-tested at Sotik tea selected Kenya Limited in Bomet County so as to ascertain its validity and reliability. Descriptive statistics analysis was given by data frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations were used. In inferential statistics, multiple regression and ANOVA was used in order to test the relationship between the influence of supply chain practices and organizational performance.

Keywords: green manufacturing practices, organization performance.

Title: Influence of Green Manufacturing Practices on Organization Performance of Multinational Tea Processing Companies in Kericho, Kenya

Author: Janeth Chemutai, Wilfred Mbeche

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: The purpose of this research was to assess the contribution of scope management on the performance of projects and it was carried out in RSSP project with the following objectives; to identify the contribution of project planning on performance of RSSP project, to examine the influence of project control and monitoring on performance of RSSP project and to assess the effect of time management on performance of RSSP. The researcher reviewed literature related to the contribution of scope management on project performance and established that scope management is vital in ensuring effective project management; both theoretical and empirical literature was reviewed. The conceptual frame work showing the relationship between scope management and project performance, a critical review of existing literature was also done to identify that gap that the research seeks to close in relation to the study topic The research design used was descriptive where by issues concerning scope management and project performance were described while the population was 86 employees of RSSP project and the sample size was the same as the population because of its small size. Data collection tools were questionnaires and interviews where by both primary and secondary data was collected using the appropriate data collection tools, for validity and reliability the researcher carried out pretesting of research instruments on a small section of respondents from the total population so as to verify authenticity of instruments while the collected data was presented using tables and analyzed based on percentages and frequencies. The researcher found out that defining project activities facilitates project performance since it provides sufficient overview of project activities and how best they can be handled, implemented and controlled, sequencing of project activities facilitates project performance since it provides order in the implementation of project activities and how best they can be implemented for example which activity to come first, how long it will take and the process involved in the implementation of such activities, developing schedules in project management facilitates project performance because the time of starting activities and phases within the project is known and well managed. The researcher concluded that project planning contributes to project performance in RSSP project through leading to timely accompleshment of tasks, remaining within the budget, effective use of resources and cost reduction and for the better performance of the project the executive summary has to be made, policies and procedures elaborated, resources mobilised. Budgeting and cost estimates done. Project planning in scope management through cost reduction facilitates reduction in redundancy and extravagancy which may negatively affect performance hence confirming that project planning through cost reduction leads to increase in project performance. Project control and monitoring influences performance of RSSP project through better planning and scheduling of activities, improved risk management, cost estimating and management, scope and change management as well as earned value management. project control contributes to project performance because it facilitates having sufficient information on what is being carried out in the project, how it is being carried out and any possible corrective action in case needed, project control ensures managing scope of the project to ensure that there is no single deviation. Risk management in the project facilitates compliance which in the end leads to improvements in performance; risk management facilitates reduction in losses, reduced delays and effective use of resources. The researcher recommended that RSSP project should continue managing scope well because it is important in avoiding creeping and wastages of resources.

Keywords: Scope, project scope, scope management, Project performance.

Title: THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCOPE MANAGEMENT ON PROJECT PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF RSSP PROJECT GASABO DISTRICT

Author: Makumi Karamusingye Kellen, Dr Patrick Mulyungi

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

ISSN 2348-7585 (Online)

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Abstract: Banking is not really a competitive industry. In reality, it's more like an oligopoly -- a scenario in which an industry is controlled by a small number of firms. A competitive and efficient banking system is critical to the success of any economy. Apart from providing credit, it serves as a channel for managing system liquidity, and ensures compliance with regulatory guidelines. In Nigeria, monetary policy transmission has been distorted by activities of deposit money banks (DMBs), leading to high lending rates and costs of banking services. This study reviewed articles that utilises panel data analysis for monthly data from 2007 to 2014, for twenty banks. Reduced form interest revenue function was estimated and the H-Statistics were computed using the elasticity’s of input prices. Measures of market power, namely market share, concentration ratios (CR) for the 3, 4 and 5 largest banks (CR3, CR4 and CR5) and Herfindal-Hirschman Index (HHI) are regressed on bank’s profitability indicators. It was found that CR3, CR5 and HHI were positive and significant, indicating concentration and market power enhance banks profitability, further confirming the presence of oligopoly in the Nigerian banking industry. Therefore, policies on competition regulations should be formulated and enforced.

Keywords: Oligopoly, Market Structure, Banking Industry, Panel Data, Nigeria.

Title: COLLUSIVE OLIGOPOLY IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR

Author: Idisi P.O., Ogwu I. J., Adamu S. M

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: Taxation is the main source of government revenues in Rwanda. Rwanda’s tax revenues have been increasing rapidly due to the country's rapid economic development; therefore, Government has invested time and money in an integrated online tax filing system for tax administration to improve the efficiency of its tax system. Government started massive tax reforms from the year 2002 through tax modernization programme, tax rates adjustment and modification of tax penalties in its efforts to create a sustainable tax system that could harness adequate tax revenue to finance public expenditures. However, tax revenue collection from large tax payers has been increasing at a decreasing rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of tax audit on revenue collection in Rwanda. The study is limited to the Headquarter of the Rwanda Revenue Authority in Kigali. This study adopted a descriptive approach. Data sources that was used was secondary data from Rwanda Revenue Authority reports. Data collected was analyzed through SPSS version 21. Data analysis involved statistical computations for averages, percentages, and correlation and regression analysis. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression method of analysis was adopted to determine the inferential statistics. The findings revealed that holding Tax administration, tax revenue performance, revenue protection system, tax automation to a constant zero, revenue collection would be at 0.347. A unit increase on Tax administration would lead to increase in revenue collection by a factor of 0.162, a unit increase in revenue protection system would lead to increase in revenue collection by a factor of 0.194 and unit increase in tax automation would lead to increase in revenue collection by a factor of 0.211. Tax audit actually has an effect to revenue collection as according to the ANOVA analysis and model analysis on the four variables on tax audit with reference to revenue collection. This clearly indicates that tax audit increases revenue collection. That in essence means that the more the tax audit conducted the more revenue is collected. Thus, it is right to say that tax audit is directly related to revenue collection. The study recommends that there is need for a study on how the size of a company influences the auditing as there is variation for various organizations based on the size.

Keywords: Tax Administration, Tax audit, Rwanda Revenue Authority, Revenue collection, Revenue performance

Title: EFFECT OF TAX AUDIT ON REVENUE COLLECTION IN RWANDA

Author: NYABIRANDE Blaise, Harelimana Jean Bosco

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: Tax incentives have become a global phenomenon as more governments try to attract multinational companies and enhance the associated technology spillovers. Although hardly new, this trend appears to have strengthened since the early 1990s. It is assumed that tax incentives play a major role in attracting investments inflows especially in developing countries. The same has been proofed empirically in developed countries. However, in developing countries the research is at its infancy stage. The main objective of this study was to establish the effect of tax incentives on investment using private sector manufacturing companies in Kigali special economic zone, Rwanda. Specifically, the following objectives guided the study: to examine the tax incentives available for private companies in Rwanda, to assess the level of investment by the private companies in Rwanda and to establish a relationship between tax incentives and level of investment by private companies. The study adopted descriptive research design and the study population comprised of thirty-nine manufacturing companies in free zone in Rwanda which are registered by the private sector. A sample size of 36 private companies was determined from a total population of 39 individuals. Only two employees that are acquainted with decision making from each manufacturing companies registered by the private sector were targeted hence the target population respondents was 72 respondents. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Data was collected from both primary and secondary data using questionnaires and documentation. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Data analysis involved statistical computations for averages, percentages, and correlation and regression analysis. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression method of analysis was adopted to determine the inferential statistics. The findings in the study revealed that tax incentives have significant positive effect on investment in private sector manufacturing companies in Kigali special economic zone, Rwanda. The p -values for all the variables are lower than 0.05%. which implies they are significant. This implies foreign investors can maximize their investment by taking advantages of the available tax incentives allowed by the government to create an enabling investment environment. From the study the p-values are 0.009, 0.000, 0.003 and 0.000 for company income tax, capital allowance, value added tax and capital gains tax incentives respectively. The capital allowance incentive has the highest t value of 4.656, followed by company income tax incentives with 3.954, next is capital gains tax incentives with 3.184, while the lowest is the value added tax incentives with 2.954. The capital allowance incentives have the highest effect on investments while the VAT has the lowest effect on investments private sector manufacturing companies in Kigali special economic zone Rwanda. The positive and statistically significant relationship between the various tax incentives and investment implies foreign investors can maximize their investment by taking advantages of the available tax incentives allowed by the government to create an enabling investment environment. Based on the empirical evidences and results of the analysis, there is positive and statistically significant relationship between the tax incentives and investments. The study concludes that tax incentives have been adopted by governments as a policy tool for accelerating investment in specific economic sectors and shaping the investment environment of the country. The study recommends that Government and policy makers should concentrate on efforts at ensuring that more VAT incentives and strategies are introduced to improve the flow of investments into the manufacturing companies. Policies that will generate employment and increase investment should be pursued. Rwanda Revenue Authority (RRA) as the regulatory authority of VAT should analyze the effect of VAT on investment. Further the study recommends that the investors should be encouraged to make use of the roll over tax relief under capital gains tax by replacing their old machines with the modern machine to improve their efficiencies.

Keywords: Tax incentives, Investment, Company income tax incentives, Capital allowances incentives, Value added tax (VAT) incentives, Capital gains tax incentives.

Title: EFFECT OF TAX INCENTIVES ON INVESTMENT IN RWANDA: A CASE STUDY OF PRIVATE SECTOR MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN KIGALI SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE   (2013 - 2016)

Author: Anitha MUKAYIRANGA, Dr. Daniel TWESIGYE

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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Abstract: The study examined the profit function analysis of broiler production in FCT Abuja Nigeria. Using a multi-stage random sampling technique, a total of 240 broiler farmers will be randomly selected. The relevant data for the study will be collected through a set of structured questionnaire administer to the respondents. The study will estimate the profit of broiler products and analyze factors that determine profitability of broiler producing farmers. The analytical tools that will be used in this study are net income analysis and profit function analysis. From the result of the study it will show that broiler production in FCT is highly profitable. However, the results will show that broiler production enterprise operating within the rational area of the profit function suing all the cost items. The need for Government to put in place a type of stabilization fund through the requisite agencies to ensure prices of commodities to be stable at the acceptable level.

Keywords: profit function analysis, broiler production, FCT Abuja.

Title: PROFIT FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF BROILER PRODUCTION IN F C T ABUJA

Author: Professor P. O. Idisi, Dr. (Mrs.) I .J Ogwu, Ajodo, R

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Abstract: The general objective of the study was to establish the effect of communication on supply chain performance of the government health institutions in Kisii Central Sub-County. The researcher used descriptive research design. The target population for this study will comprise of hundred and sixth seven (160) respondents from (8) departments of government health institutions in Kisii Central Sub-County. The sample size of the study comprised of 64 respondent’s. The researcher employed Stratified sampling technique to obtain a sample of respondents.The researcher adopted both Primary and secondary data .The study concludes that communication among the supply chain partner is proportional to the information symmetry that exists. Government health institutions were noted to have joint development work with suppliers though sufficient efforts were not directed towards the purchasing process and joint decisions regarding the supplied materials/products. The study recommends that communication, it is utmost necessary for firms to let their suppliers know what they expect of them at all times and inform them about events or changes that may affect them.

Keywords: Communication, Supply Chain Performance, Government Health Institutions.

Title: EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION ON SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE OF THE GOVERNMENT HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN KISII CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY

Author: Mogire Nyaboga Moffat, Wallace Atambo

International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations 

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