Vol 5 Issue 1 January 2017-March 2017

Abstract: Imitating is an innate characteristic for humankind, and people discover the world through imitation. It is possible to say that technology that grows rapidly and computer technologies that make life easier trigger the innate character of humankind to "imitate". Today, the original idea has become a material for the consumption society that easily obtains whatever it needs, products, artwork or design whatsoever are owned without paying any fees and on a temporary basis regardless of being literary, visual or auditory. Indeed, the social media applications that are frequently used by the masses today may be defined as a platform for breach of intellectual property. In other words, new media technologies and sharing culture are detrimental to copyrights that protect the original ideas, despite all their positive aspects. Today, individuals can listen to any musical work without paying any fees and watch their favourite movie on their personal computer without it is released and present other's designs as if they are their works. Worrying thing is that it is being "normalized" especially, among the design students. It is considerably important that the student should be informed about the intellectual properties, who have just started to study graphic design and does not have any idea as to the original artwork or design qualifications. If design students are aware of the copyright, they will protect their own works and create original designs throughout their careers. We have analysed the historical development of copyright through different disciplines and defined the legal regulations by the states against the breaches, specified the impact of the digital technologies on the concept, and discussed the solution suggestions by emphasizing its importance for the design education. Keywords: Copyrigth, intellectual property, graphic design, graphic design education. Title: A Challenging Setback in Design Education: Intellectual Property Awareness Author: Hami Onur Bingöl International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Manufacturing companies in Kenya have been experiencing problems in the performance of their production and operations management. One strategy of improving their performance is resorting to logistics outsourcing. Outsourcing of non-core activities to Third Party Logistics providers (3PL) is one of the ways of ensuring efficient and effective performance of companies. This study therefore, sought to establish the influence of lead-time on the performance of food and beverages manufacturing companies in Kenya. The study adopted cross-sectional survey design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population of this study was 197 registered food and beverages manufacturing companies in Kenya as per Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) Directory 2015. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used aided by Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 to compute percentages of respondents’ answers. Inferential statistics using linear regression and correlation analysis was applied in examining relationship between the research variables. The study found out that lead-time was significant predictors in the performance of food and beverages manufacturing companies in Kenya. The study found out that order processing rate, high order fulfilment rate, inventory replenishment, delivery speed, delivery to location and delivery planning improved the performance of food and beverages manufacturing companies in Kenya. Keywords: Third Party Logistics providers, lead-time, manufacturing companies. Title: Lead-Time as a Determinant of Outsourcing Third-Party Logistics Providers on the Performance of Food and Beverages Manufacturing Companies in Kenya Author: Julius Wambua, Elegwa Mukulu, Esther Waiganjo, Wycliffe Arani International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The commonest causes of blindness are cataract, glaucoma, retinal, and infectious diseases. Which are distributed worldwide Blindness has high prevalence in developing countries like Sudan compare with developed one. But this percentage can decrease as a result of treatable or preventable than in the counterparts in the developed world. Objective: the general objective is to assess the commonest causes of blindness in Makah eye complex and hospitals in Khartoum state in Sudan. Methodology: cross sectional study hospital based applied cluster sampling design. Targeting 246 patient in Makah eye complex and hospitals in July (5 -12). Data collected from the hospital record and by questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 15. Results: 49.4% of blindness is due to cataract 45% of blind live in Khartoum; 93% of them had low socioeconomic state, 10% at 70 years old and the disability among binocular blindness is higher than monocular one. Conclusion: the commonest cause of blindness is cataract which affects their social life and socioeconomic state Recommendation: conduct camps to the rural area to treat and diagnosis the eyes disease. Keywords: Blindness Are Cataract, Glaucoma, Retinal, And Infectious Diseases. Title: The Commonest Causes Of Blindness Over 30 Years Old Patient in Makah Eye Complex in Khartoum Author: Mayson Abdalla Elamin Ali, Dr. Daffalla A'lam Elhuda International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Water is one of the most important components of the life on our planet. It is natural process of any progressive society that the demand of water increases day by day. Rain water harvesting occupies an important position. This technique implies the collection and storage of rain water at the surface or in subsurface aquifers before it last at surface runoff. A statement often made is that under the Indian Constitution water is a State subject. The state governments are encouraged to formulate and develop water resource projects for irrigation, flood control, hydro-power generation, drinking water supply, industrial and other miscellaneous uses. Keywords: Rain Water, Technique Implies, Harvesting Occupies. Title: Rain Water Harvesting Author: Dr. Mrs. A. Jesintha Vilveena International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study tend to X-ray Media role in the democratic process to appraise the present electoral process, especially now that the 2015 General Election has just been conducted, supervised and declared. The press has emerged in Nigeria in the last one and half century for the dismantling of colonial rule; slavery, slave trade, the fight for political independence in 1960 struggle for Republican Nigeria in 1963; and democratic rule. Besides, the Nigerian press has served as the major pillar against military rule, coup detat, election rigging and political thuggery and brigandage in the first, second, third and fourth republic. Upon all, the press has acted as the self-appointed monitor of official life, recorder of public events and unofficial arbiter of public behavior. This study will give a retrospect look into the role of the media in the sustenance in Nigeria during the period 1999-2007. The paper x-rays the functions of the mass media/Press against the background of the theoretical framework of the paper, which was revived from the 1999 Nigerian Constitution, the functionalist theory and the Social Responsibility Theory. The paper discuss some of the fundamental ethical principles underpinning the functions of the mass media against the background of selected incidents of government repression of the media and how the fourth estate of the realm has survived the onslaught. The thesis of this paper is that although media practitioners contribute immensely to midwife and sustain democracy, they are hardly appreciated by government in terms of policy frameworks and pragmatic actions. Keywords: Press, Mass Media, Democracy, Nascent. Title: The Role of the Press in Nascent Democracy Author: Abati Mobolaji O., Bunmi Banjo (Mrs) International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper examined the strategic linkage among human resource development, employee’s job commitment and organizational effectiveness. This paper is a meta-analysis and the authors of this paper did a conceptual, theoretical and empirical review of literature on these concepts identifying the trends, similarities and differences in research. However, the general review of literature revealed that organizations become more effective when employees are provided with training and development programs that are relevant to their respective roles, duties and responsibilities and when they are aware of intended business goals and objectives. Finally, it is observed that most of the reviewed literatures came to a concenssors that strategic human resource development needs to be properly implemented, and should be a continuous process to enhance employee’s job commitment and organizational effectiveness. Keywords: Strategic human resource development, employee’s job commitment, organizational effectiveness. Title: Strategic Human Resource Development, Employees Job Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness Author: SHOLESI OLAYINKA YUSUF, JAYEOBA, FOLUSO ILESANMI, LAWAL OLUFEMI ADIGUN, OYENIYI GBENGA OYETUNDE International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The relationship between public expenditure, taxes and economic development has been extensively analyzed in literature with no consensus. This study adds to the literature as it divides public expenditure and taxes into different components to see their individual impact on economic development in case of Greece. Two types of regression models were estimated; in the first regression total public expenditure and taxes were used as fiscal tools while in the second model public expenditure and taxes were divided into different categories. The results show that taxes have negative effect while public expenditures have insignificant effect on development when considered in totality. However, current expenditures stimulate growth while capital expenditure has insignificant effect on growth. Indirect taxes impede development while direct taxes have insignificant effect. This suggests that development expenditures are not sufficient to put a significant impact on economic growth. Hence, there is dire need to increase developmental expenditures in Greece. Furthermore direct taxes should be focused more to increase revenue instead of indirect taxes. Keywords: Public Expenditure, Taxation, Fiscal Sustainability, Economic Growth. Jel codes: H50, H21, H50, H71, H72 Title: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Public Expenditure and Taxation into Greek Economy Author: Dr. Stamatis Kontsas International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Standard deviation as a measure of dispersion is employed in measuring historical or realized stock return volatility and also measuring absolute risk of stock returns. In this research a sample of 31 stocks listed in the NSE were selected from a population of 56 stocks listed in the NSE during the study period of January 2010 to December 2010. The sample stocks were sorted into three portfolios of stocks exhibiting high, medium and low risk as measured by standard deviation of stock returns. Discounted dividend variables were regressed against standard deviation of stock returns in a multiple regression model for the three portfolios. The findings indicated that the dividend volatility had a significant positive influence on the high risk portfolio and also had a significant negative influence on the low risk portfolio. The findings implied that stock investors in the NSE can assess dividend volatility when stock investments decisions. Keywords: NSE, Historical or Realized Stock Return Volatility. Title: Assessment of the Effect of Dividend Volatility on Risk of Stock Returns in Kenyan Listed Firms Author: James N Ndegwa Email: ndegwajam@gmail.com International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study is set out to assess the effect of tax contractors in revenue generation of Enugu State local governments, Nigeria between the periods, 2010 – 2015. Stratified sampling and random sampling techniques were used in selecting three local governments from each of the three senatorial districts of the state; purposive sampling and convenient sampling techniques were adopted in distributing questionnaires to the sample size. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Data collected were analyzed using frequency and percentages. The Three hypothesis formulated were tested using Chi-square and t- test statistical tools. Findings made include among others: that the use of tax contractors for revenue collection in Enugu State local governments does not lead to an increased revenue generation or an improved tax payers’ records; that factors such as political interferences, lack of transparency in recruitment, corruption, use of non-professionals, use of unorthodox methods of enforcement, etc. are major factors militating against the use of tax contractors. The study concludes that given the right conditions, the use of tax contractors could be a viable tool for increased revenue generation. Keywords: Assessment, Enugu State, local governments, revenue generation/collection, tax contractors/consultants. Title: Revenue Generation in Enugu State Local Governments, Nigeria: An Assessment of Tax Contractors Author: Obinna C. Amaechi International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Stop motion animation is one of the unique applications that has taken its place in the history of cinema radically. Surprisingly, stop motion animations have gone down in the history of art with some primitive and mechanical methods like Zoetrope and similar ones long before the invention of the cinema. Its samples that are created with today's perspective date back to 1930's and the directors continue to apply and the audience watches accordingly with the same interest today, just like in the past. Even though stop motion animations seem like obsolete at first sight, they are still used for commercials. However, the photography discipline, which has a deep relation with the cinema, is an effective factor for stop motion animations. Because stop motion animation is recorded by the camera. The first trait to shoot a stop motion animation is patience. It takes so much patience that an animator takes hundreds of shots for a scene which will be watched for two seconds by the audience in some cases and she/he makes changes on the figure as it requires. This leads to distraction or having a low opinion on the composition of the film on which the animator works. However, we could not expect success from stop motion films that are created without paying attention to the structural elements and composition rules of the photograph. The objective of this study is to examine and identify importance and necessity of the composition applications for the stop motion animations in a historical and aesthetical manner. Keywords: Stop motion animation, photography, composition, design. Title: The Importance of Composition in the Context of Stop-Motion Animation Aesthetics Author: Hami Onur Bingöl International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Wholesalers, manufacturers, retailers, distributors, suppliers, third party service providers (3PLs) and every party involved in the supply chain are under pressure to reduce and balance their costs, time and inventories in order to continue to be profitable while still meeting their customers' demands. The best way for them to achieve this is to implement effective supply chain management practices (Mwale & Nyamwange, 2014). The objectives of the study will be to explore the role of supply chain management practices, to determine the role of information communication technology, to establish the role of inventory management, to ascertain the role of quality management and to evaluate the role of supplier relationship management on organization performance in Bata Shoe Company Limited in Kenya. The research will be carried out through a cross-sectional research survey design whereby the target population comprised of Bata Shoe Company management and staff. In this study the researcher will use stratified random sampling and simple random sampling where 10% of the target population representative of the entire population will be studied. Questionnaires with close-end questions and likert scales will be used as the research instrument by being administered to the respondents and collected after due completion by the researcher. The collected data will be analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations and regression analysis Keywords: Supply chain Management, Organization Performance, Bata Limited Kenya. Title: Role of Supply Chain Management Practices on Organizational Performance in Manufacturing Firms: A Case of Bata Shoe Company Limited, Kenya Author: Michael Antony Mudimba, Dr. Noor Ismael International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The study determined relationship between job satisfaction and library staff job commitment in federal university libraries of the north-eastern Nigeria. Four objectives guided the study, two research questions and two hypotheses tested the relationship between salary and fringe benefits. The study investigated if these predictable factors were responsible for library staff low job commitment. Survey research design was used in the study. The target population was 220 library staff of which all were used as a sample. Out of 220 copies of questionnaire distributed, 180 responses were collected which was used for data analysis. Data collected were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The findings of the study revealed that there was significant relationship between salary with library staff low job commitment. While the variable fringe benefit was not significant factor responsible for library staff job commitment in federal university libraries studied. The study recommended that federal government and management of the federal universities should improve upon payment of salaries and salary increment and university librarians should improve upon involvement of their staff in decision making. Keywords: Satisfaction, Commitment, Hypotheses, Salary, Fringe benefit, PPMC. Title: Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Staff Commitment in Federal University Libraries of the North-Eastern Nigeria Author: Zainab Madawaki, Muhammad Zannah-Bukar Badia International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The 1976 Local Government Reforms in Nigeria birth the commencement of a landmark development in the history of local government in Nigeria. It brought with it uniformity which put an end to the decentralisation of local government before 1976. It was meant to make local government occupy its rightful position in local governance, thus it was enshrined in the 1979 constitution of the country. In spite of the constitutional provisions in the 1999 constitution for the existence and functions of local government, there have been serious debates as to the autonomy of Local Government in Nigeria. This paper therefore seeks to examine the autonomy of local governments under the Nigerian legal system with particular reference to the experience in the United States of America, India and Ghana. This paper examines the utility of the local government autonomy as a vehicle for redressing the overbearing powers of the state governments over local governments’ affairs in Nigeria. The paper contends that the growing demand for an autonomous local government system will help to strengthen the powers of local governments and consolidate them in achieving their objectives. The paper employs the doctrinal method of academic enquiry. The paper suggests that some of the provisions in the 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria be amended and the lessons from the selected countries inculcated. Keywords: Local Government, Autonomy, Separation of Power, Constitutional Democracy. Title: Towards An Enhanced Local Government Autonomy in Nigeria’s Separation of Power: Lessons from Selected Constitutional Democratic Countries in the World Author: ABDUL GHANIY ORIYOMI ANJORIN International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The existence of a legal order in traditional African societies before colonization is all the more a palpable reality that the existence of a society is impossible without the presence of the rules of conducts that guide the members of society and, Therefore regulate social relations. This legal order can be attributed to the custom which is the result of the manners of society. This custom, which is a corpus of rules of popular practice, guided social relations in ancient African societies. This is to say that custom is a primitive law that produced rules of conduct to which people had to refer for their activities in accordance with these customary rules. This being so, it is necessary to recognize that the advent of modern law of Western origin has been so important for traditional African societies that it has allowed the introduction of new laws, the peaceful and equitable regulation of social relations , The separation of powers that contributed to the consolidation of the rule of law. In other words, it is clear that the advent of modern law of Western origin has contributed to the improvement and strengthening of the values of African customary law. Keywords: Customs, law, colonization, modern law, society, tradition, African customary law. Title: African Customary Law and Modern Law from Western: An Overview on Their Roles and Impacts in African Societies Author: M’Begniga Abdoulaye, Professor Ma Guang International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to investigate the nature and direction of causal relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in India in contexts of and Wagner's and Keynesian laws. The time series data used in the present study covers the period from 1975-76 to 2014-15. It is found that there is no equilibrium long term relationship between economic growth and government expenditure. Uni-directional causality is observed from government expenditure to economic growth and no feed-back mechanism. It nullifies the applicability of Wagner’s law in India and validates the Keynesian law. Thus, it is recommended to give insights into the trends of transformation process, association between the two. The policymakers are suggested to incur huge government expenditure to accelerate the growth of Indian economy and adopt active Keynesian policies. Keywords: economic growth, government expenditure, causality, Keynesian law, Wagner’s law, India. Title: Co-Integration And Causality Analysis: An Empirical Inquiry into the Validity of Wagner’s And Keynesian Laws in India Author: Dr. Paranan Konwar International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals