Vol 4 Issue 2 April 2016-June 2016

Abstract: The main aim of this study was to find out the effect of beneficiary participation in project monitoring and evaluation on project success. As case study of KWAMP project in Kirehe district. Specifically, the study intended to identify types of inputs provided by beneficiaries in the process of M&E of KWAMP project, to determine the stages where beneficiaries are involved in the process M&E of KWAMP project, to establish the methodology used while engaging beneficiaries in M&E process of KWAMP project. Rwanda hosts a large number of local and international Non-governmental organizations who purports to engage in local activities of uplifting the lives of the community. The intended beneficiaries on the other hand have little contribution in monitoring and evaluating the activities of these groups due to lack of empowerment and capacity to do so, neglect and also the secrecy in which the developmental projects are being planned, designed and initiated at the top management level. In the long run the project ends up benefiting the initiators but not the intended beneficiaries, developing difficulties during implementation and sustaining the project due to lack of good will from the beneficiaries. The study did employ a descriptive research design in a case study area. In the case study, the researcher had time to understand problems in a given area of study in preliminary way and relate the variables of the study. The Kirehe Community-based Watershed Management Project (KWAMP) aimed at promoting the market oriented intensification of agricultural systems built on sound environmental practices in order to assist very poor smallholders to overcome their food insecurity and low agricultural incomes, to arrest land degradation and to restore soil fertility. The researcher used questionnaire because of its low cost even the universe is large and widely spread geographically, it is free from bias, respondents have adequate time to give well thought out answers and large samples can be made use of and thus the results can be made more dependable and reliable. Data from the questionnaires were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program using statistics methods of frequencies and percentages, means and Persons product-moment correlation. The findings show that majority of the members are aged between 31-40 years, have either formal or informal education and women are the majority in terms of gender. Most members were aware of the goals and objectives of the project and slightly above average participated in most activities except in developing guideline used in reporting and in reporting the project performance. Most members fully and actively participated in monitoring and evaluating how the finances meant for their project were being used. Such beneficiaries’ participation is recommended for project as they enhance transparency and accountability among all the parties involved. Keywords: Community project, Community participatory, Community Benefits and Agreements, Monitoring and Evaluation. Title: Effect of Beneficiaries Participation in Project Monitoring and Evaluation on Project Success Author: Ibanga Giramata Valentine, Dr Jaya Shukla, Ndabaga Eugene International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Urbanisation is a challenged faced all over the world as the cities have this charismatic economical horizons to attract people from all over the world, Karachi is one of among them it has a population of 25 million people with a density of 6000 people per Sqm. In article I tried to explain the ethnical composition of the city as well trembling infrastructure of the city. As well the vast various communities lives without any cooperation, Religious, Ethnical and linguistic divide exist there political tug of war is merely for holding it economical bloodline so keeping the increasing population of the city and the land in analysis I tried to visualise the future scenarios in three phases as I have the data of population in 2005, from that particular data I projected current situation of 2016 and predicted the future in 2050. As the population is inconsistent it can be increased or decreased but the land is fixed. Keeping this phenomena in my analysis I used ArcGIs software to visualise the previous, current and future situation. Keywords: charismatic economical, Tale of an Orphan City. Title: A Tale of an Orphan City Author: Waqas Wajid International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The focus of this paper is on the socio-economic implication of elaborate funeral rites among the Ibibio. Descriptive and qualitative survey methods are employed for the study. The paper seeks to evaluate whether multiple funeral rites have any social or economic consequence for the people. It was observed that elaborate funeral rites have a huge social and economic implication for most people, especially for those who do not have enough and to spare. The paper recommends that people should not allow tradition to push them to do what they cannot afford to do comfortably within their powers; that some of the rites could be curtailed due to inadequate fund. It concludes that obnoxious traditional practices are subject to change or outright abolition. Keywords: Elaborate Funeral Rites among the Ibibio. Title: Socio-Economic Implication of Elaborate Funeral Rites among the Ibibio Author: Promise Akpan International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Many researchers have shown that groups and teams at a workplace can be effective in accomplishing tasks geared towards the achievement of organizational goals efficiently. However, the success of such teams and groups are dependent on the maturity of the teams and groups themselves, their cohesiveness and the behavior of their leaders. Contrastingly, groups and teams can suffer from groupthink, which stifles creativity, can engage in antisocial behavior, and suffer from poor leadership, which adversely affects the performance of the teams and groups. Much research has revealed different leadership styles and the organizational situations they fit in best. Keywords: Organizational Goals, Leader’s behavior. Title: Leader’s behavior Author: Mohammad Almoteery International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Predictors of Achievement and Job Satisfaction of Women Managers in SUC (NCR). This study was an attempt to determine the factors related to the achievement and job satisfaction of women managers in PNU, UP Manila, EARIST and TUP Manila. The descriptive study used questionnaire as data-gathering tool. The frequencies, Percentage, mean, standard deviation were utilized for descriptive presentation of data. As to the profile of women managers, 26.92% belong to 51-57 years of age, 69.23 Percent or 36 are married, 34.61 percent or 18 finished their Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Education programs, 18 or 34.62 percent have been in the service for 21-25 Years, all women managers occupy permanent position, with an income ranging from Php 41,000.00 to Php 50,000.00 are 21 to 40.38 percent, 22 or 43.32 percent have been serving for 6 to 9 years as managers. As to the personality type, 20 or 38.46 percent are type B. they are usually relaxed, not very competitive and easy going in dealing with people. They have leadership qualities, objective, honest and efficient. Most women managers possess the following managerial skills: Conceptual skills, Diagnostic skills, Technical skills and Human relation skills. In terms of level of achievement, 34.61 percent or 18 have received scholarship86.53 percent have been thesis or dissertation adviser, 50 percent were invited as lecturer Or speaker and 53 percent have local membership in women’s organization. In terms of job satisfaction, women managers, believe that they are productive in their jobs and they are very ambitious. In the study, the educational attainment, the length of service and family income predict the job satisfaction and achievement of women managers while the school related factor does not affect their job satisfaction and achievement because all of them are working in big schools. Based on the findings we can conclude that to attain success in an organization, women managers must have professional growth, possess good leadership qualities, efficient and effective managerial skills. Keywords: Job Satisfaction of Women Managers, Predictors of Achievement. Title: Predictors of Achievement and Job Satisfaction of Women Managers in SUC (NCR) Author: GREMILDA A. IGLOSO International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This paper tries to bring in notice, the practical educational significance of the concept Samādhi. It hugely depends on the theoretical backdrop which the Sāmkhya- Yoga system provides. Nevertheless it tries to transcend the theoretical backdrop in a sense in which we can actually use the concept Samādhi instead of refraining from it, thinking it to be a practice which cannot be made an integral part of our living. It is for this reason that it has been mentioned many a times in this paper that the Samādhi actually allows us to love ourselves and respect ourselves. This love and respect would then get executed through the quality of work that we produce. For the present day it is very important to be happy with one’s own self and hence be a happy dweller of a healthy society. The happiness within is perhaps possible if we know our selves and the different patterns in which our mind may function or at least the different stages in which the mind usually resides. It is quite a usual fact that we get puzzled by the current state of affairs. As far as the bafflement of the mind is concerned, we human beings are quite an easy prey to it. This paper makes an effort to bring out the educational issues which the concept of Samādhi presents so that living is a little more peaceful. This paper strongly holds the point of living a work loaded life in a peaceful way. This is becomes all the more understandable if life be guided by the concept Samādhi. Keywords: Yoga- Yoga literally means ‘union’ or spiritual union of the individual soul with the universal soul and is used in this sense in the Vedanta. Patañjali is the traditional founder of the Yoga system. Title: Educational Implications of the Concept Samādhi Author: Dr. Bhumika Kanjilal International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: It is often problematic for many West and Central African countries to effectively police their territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ’s). This trickles down to creating significant problems for indigenous communities, tourism, the economy and global security. The Gulf of Guinea (GoG) has been in the spotlight primarily for the ascendency in piratical activities, yet GoG states are beset with “seablindness” partly due to policies which are land-centric and with little or no interest in what goes on in the maritime domain. For them it is difficult to enforce sovereignty due to the area size and their navies inability to exhibit the required deterrent or muscle against forms of maritime insecurity that beset them. While there is an international presence such as EUNAVFOR in the Gulf of Aden, nothing of that nature exist in the Gulf of Guinea, instead in October 2011, Operation Prosperity was jointly formed by the navies of Nigeria and Benin to patrol their territorial waters. This paper analyzes the new wave of pirate attacks and its current and potential impact on maritime security. The three pronged players, namely the shipping vessels (targets), pirates (attackers) and Coast Guard or Navy (defenders) sets the stage to form and develop a game theory approach in making decisions as to utilize the scarce law enforcement resources that are available to Gulf of Guinea states in combating their Maritime Security challenges. Keywords: Decision Making, Game Theory, Gulf Of Guinea, Maritime Domain, Maritime Security, Pirates. Title: A Game Theoretic Approach to Maritime Security in the Gulf Of Guinea Author: Nana Raymond Lawrence Ofosu-Boateng (Capt.) International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The consciousness is basically the repulsive functioning of the magnetic energy present in the living mass and the same is studied variedly and distinctively in different patterns of discipline philosophy, psychology, medicine and yoga. The study focuses on understanding bio-consciousness as separate entity to distinguish the finite bodies which are called the living beings. This study includes the perspectives as understanding the bio-consciousness and its nature in terms of modern medicine and psychology, distinguishing the appreciation of bio-consciousness by the classical Indian yoga philosophers and Samkhya philosophers and understanding the same bio-consciousness in terms of Vethathiri maharishi and his Simplified Kundalini Yoga (SKY). The study aims at distinguishing the bio-consciousness with the cosmic consciousness and total consciousness of SKY Yoga. Keywords: Vethathiri Maharishi, Simplified Kundalini Yoga, Bio-consciousness, Mind, Brahmam Title: Appraisal of Bio-Consciousness Author: Dr. P.Dhanapathi International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research publish journals

Abstract: The study conducted on internship program that is under coordination of National Capacity Building Secretariat (NCBS), data was collected from fresh graduates, who have applied for internship program on the period from July 2014 to June 2015. In our study the sampled individuals are interns who were placed in different institutions and finalized the program before completing the period of 6 months, the list was extracted in internship database. The total number of 7000 graduates or students were hosted in different institutions in Rwanda in the period of 6 years, but the number that was used in our study is composed by 786 interns who hosted and completed the internship in the period of July 2014-2015, among them 119 were found a job and are conserved as censored cases to our study. The Kaplan Meier and Cox regression models will be used to analysis data collected. (IBM SPSS Statistics V20.0) software was be used to do the analysis in this study. In this research, we have introduced section, the literature review is the second while the third is the data collection and the forth as data analysis and interpretation of data analyzed. The final is the conclusion of the whole research and recommendations to address issues on internship program. The work plan and budget for this research were developed; the research is worth 1,280,000 Rwandan francs that was utilized to collect data, communication, stationary, publishing, etc. Keywords: Analysis of Internship Program in Rwanda internship program that is under coordination of National Capacity. Title: Effectiveness Analysis of Internship Program in Rwanda from July 2014 to June 2015: Kaplan Meier and Cox Regression Models Author: MURASIRA GERARD, Dr. Joseph Kyalo Mung'atu International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to analyse the perceptions of EFL learners on the effectiveness of strategies they use for improving their English language skills. In the era of globalization, good language skills i.e. Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing (LSRW) are the keys to open the doors to success. The communication skills help to build a strong relationship and better understanding which are so vital not only in our personal but also in professional life. Professionals having a strong hold on communication skills are considered as an asset for any organization. Professionals who are proficient in communication skills have a considerable edge over those who have not. Lack of communication skills will certainly make them deficient in resources. Job aspirants face several tough challenges in the global job market if their communication skills are not up to the mark. Inadequate proficiency in English language, lack of exposure, low level of confidence and weak soft skills do not let them uphold in the global marketplace. Communication skills are considered as a salient feature in the making of a global professional. Keywords: English as a Foreign Language (EFL), Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing (LSRW), Strategies. Title: Identifying EFL Learners’ Perceptions on the Effectiveness of Strategies for Improving English Language Skills Author: Mohd. Ahmad Khan International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research publish journals

Abstract: In this article, we examined the influence of community participation in planning, pricing and monitoring of water services on compliance to payment for water services taking Kit gum Town as a case study area. Using interviews and focus group discussions, we assessed 54 members of the Business Community Association and other political representatives in Kit gum on their level of participation in water service provision and compliance to payment for water. Frequency analyses were used to explore the extent of community participates in planning, pricing and monitoring of water services in Kit gum. Linear regression on the hand, were used to establish the influence of community participation in planning, pricing and monitoring of water services on compliance to payment for these services. Findings in the multiple regression summary revealed a positive relationship with the overall correlation (linear relationship) between compliance to payment (dependent variable) and community participation being r=0.56, which is consistent with recent research on community participation in water services, such as Magma (2013). The researchers therefore recommended that community participation should be expanded to include most of the sections of the community with programs to empower the community on effective participation and engagement techniques, and written effective distributed guidelines. Secondly, the need for regular community meetings on the water services and use of a far-reaching forum to communicate on meter prices, changes in water tariffs, and monitoring tools is paramount. Keywords: Community Participation, Water Services Planning, Pricing for Water Services, Water Services Monitoring and Water Payment Compliance. Title: Community Participation and Water Payment Compliance: A Case Study of Kitgum Town - Uganda Author: Rosemary Nakaggwa, Peter W.Obanda, Samuel Pule International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study gives general introduction of how advertisement influenced the Nigerian electorates as well as statement of the research, aims and objectives of the study, research questions and significance of the study. It also examined the influence of political advertising messages on the choice of governorship candidates by the electorate in Ogun State, South West Nigeria, in the 2011 governorship election. The study sought to ascertain the extent that the electorates in Ogun State was exposed to political advertising; which media was the electorates most exposed to in political advertising as well as the extent that political advertising influenced the voting decisions of the electorate. To achieve this, the study used the survey method with the questionnaire as research instrument. Through multi-stage sampling, 120 respondents were selected in the two of the three senatorial districts in the State and administered the questionnaire. The findings indicated, among other things, that the electorate in Ogun State was well exposed to political advertising; that radio was the most effective channel for political advertising; that the respondents were influenced in their choice of candidates to the extent that they perceived such messages to be credible. In the light of these findings, it was concluded that political advertising was an essential factor in the political decisions of the electorates in the State. Similarly, it was recommended that candidates should strive for credibility in their political messages, while the electorates should be critical of all political messages to decipher the truth. Keywords: Voting Decision, Election Campaign, Message Credibility, Persuasion, Favourable Image, Manifestoes. Title: Impact of Political Advertising on Nigerian Electorate Author: Seun Bolaji Abati International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: This study is a qualitative survey on the influence of social media networking on the most basic and important level of communication which is interpersonal face-to-face communication. This type of communication is the intimacy communication which is vital for the wellbeing of family which is a crucial human institution. This threatened form of communication is key in conflicts management and reconciliation. Family as an institution determines the success or failure of other institutions in the human society and interpersonal communication is key to this. The main purpose of this study was to investigate if the current influx of social media has sacrificed or rather compromised interpersonal communication at face-to-face level and what recommendations could be made to mitigate on it. The following theories were analyzed to check on their relevance in this context; Face-Negotiation Theory, Social Exchange Theory Social Penetration Theory and Uses and gratification theory. It is important to note that theories influence the way people think, interpret their world, and the actions they take. We develop theories about our environment to help organize and interpret our experiences. The research design that was used to provide a framework for this study was qualitative survey. Convenience non-probability sampling technique was use to have families that were engaged in interviews and focused group discussions. The results revealed that social networking engagement has negatively influenced the family dyadic communication hence affecting badly the family interrelationship. Keywords: Social media, Interpersonal relationships, Face to face communication, Interpersonal communication, Qualitative research, Face negotiation, Uses and gratification theory, Social exchange theory and Social penetration theory. Title: Social Media Networking and Its Influence on Interpersonal Face To Face Oral Communication at Family Level: A Qualitative Study of Selected Families in Eldoret Town; Kenya Author: Dr. Langat Andrewhris International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research publish journals

Abstract: This study aims at investigating the writing errors of Saudi EFL university students of College of Science & Arts, Tanumah at King Khalid University in the academic year 2014/2015 during the first semester. The study also aims at identifying and analyzing these errors, determining the causes of these errors, as well as investigating the factors that contribute to their occurrence and suggesting suitable solutions for the problem. For this purpose, research questions are posed and the answers to these questions are provided and discussed. The sample of this study includes 20 students who are chosen from the Level Four students besides the EFL teachers in the above-mentioned college. The analytical descriptive approach is adopted to handle this study. The study focuses on grammatical, punctuation, lexical, spelling and discourse errors in the writing English production of these learners .Testing, questionnaire , structured interview and personal observation of the researcher are all used as tools for collecting data. The findings of the study reveal that the students commit errors in their writing performance due to some factors such as: mother tongue interference, besides insufficient activities and practice of basic techniques of writing in addition to the lack of follow-up to the students’ writing performance and some other factors. Keywords: causes of errors; EFL students, writing errors; writing performance. Title: An Investigation of Writing Errors of Saudi EFL University Students (A Case Study of College of Science & Arts- Tanumah, King Khalid University) Author: Dr. Fawzi Eltayeb Yousuf Ahamed International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals

Abstract: Water been an essential commodity has been described as the source of life on planet earth. The body of man is said to be 70% of water and as such he begins to feel thirsty after a loss of only 1%. Similarly, the major component of plant protoplasm is water. In the concept of dam building, there are many purposes for which dams are required. It could be built for navigational purposes, domestic purpose, and it even goes as far as been built for the generation of electricity. Dam construction usually involves one form of risk or the other of which the people that would be most affected are not told fully of the consequences that comes up after the construction of the dam. This study carried out an analysis of the Environmental and Socio-economic impacts of the Owena Dam on the downstream Settlement of River Owena. It shows that majority of the settlement suffered a great deal as a result of the construction of the dam. From the loss of their homes to erosion on their farmland due to the fluctuations of the river level, flooding, channel degradation and to mention but a few. The work however recommends ways by which these problems could be mitigated and how the Government can render help as regards these impacts. Keywords: Environmental and Socio-economic impacts, Geo-Spatial. Title: Geo-Spatial Assessment of Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Owena Dam on the Downstream Settlement of Owena, Ondo State, Nigeria Author: Afolayan, Taiwo S., Ogunyemi, Omotayo F. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals