Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate factors and predictors of psychological distress in the bio-social and spiritual model, among 182 patients attending primary healthcare centers in Western Saudi Arabia. A comprehensive questionnaire collected socio-demographic and economic data; biological dimension factors; social dimension factors; and spiritual dimension factors. Psychological distress was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) 21 questionnaire. Assessment of psychological distress using DASS questionnaire showed 10.4% of mild, 6.6% of moderate, 6.6% of severe and 3.3% of extremely severe depressive symptoms. Biological determinants of mental health were overweight, irregular exercise, smoking, history of illicit substance use, and chronic disease all associated with psychological distress. Social determinants were poor social relationships, major family conflict, over-indebtedness, social isolation, and poor intimate life satisfaction all associated with psychological distress; whereas social activities, hobbies, and volunteering in charitable actions were protective factor. Spiritual determinants were compliance with religious duties, diligence with elective religious activities, living satisfactorily in accordance with own beliefs, resilient attitude towards bad life events and regular reliance to spiritual resources in case of stress all being protective factors against psychological distress. The bio-psychosocial and spiritual model showed great significance in application to metal health in the study population. Spirituality and religiousness constituted the most significant dimension, followed by social and biological factors.
Keywords: Psychological distress, Depression, Bio-psychosocial, Spiritual, Mental Health.
Title: Bio-Psychosocial and Spiritual Determinants of Mental Health among Patients Attending a Primary Healthcare Center in Saudi Arabia: Part One - The Case of Depression
Author: Salem Mohammed Barabie, Mohammed Musfer Algamdi, Eida Mohammed S Alharthi, Abdullah Ghazzai G Alotaibi, Mohammed Anwar AlAlwani, Hend Mohammed Al-sheheri, Hassan Ibrahim alasmari, Ahmed Amer M Alalawi, Ali Hussein Mohammed ALASMRI
International Journal of Healthcare Sciences
ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)
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